How many noncitizens live in the United States in 2026? The Census Bureau’s 2024 American Community Survey counts 24,396,883 noncitizens, about 49% of the 50.2 million foreign-born residents, and the three leading research groups estimate that roughly half of them, between 12.2 and 14.6 million people, are unauthorized. Foreign-born workers made up 19.1% of the US civilian labor force in 2025, their unemployment rate was 4.2% against 4.3% for native-born workers, and California alone is home to 5,003,494 noncitizens, more than any other state.
Noncitizen in America 2026 – Introduction
Noncitizen in the US cover a wide mix of people: green card holders, temporary workers and students, refugees and asylees, and people who live in the country without legal status. Counting them is hard. The Census Bureau asks about citizenship but not about legal status, so researchers have to estimate the unauthorized share separately, and the estimates differ by a million or more.
2026 adds a new complication. The Commerce Department ordered new disclosure rules for federal statistics in June, and the release of the 2025 American Community Survey has been delayed as a result. The most recent state-level numbers therefore still come from 2024, and the labor market numbers cover foreign-born workers, not noncitizens alone. This report sets out population, states, unauthorized estimates, employment and policy facts, one data table at a time.
Interesting Facts About Noncitizens in the US 2026
US POPULATION BY NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP, ACS 2024 (millions; each █ = 10 million)
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Born in the United States █████████████████████████████ 289.9
Foreign-born (all) █████ 50.2
Noncitizens ██▍ 24.4
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| Interesting Fact | 2026 Data |
|---|---|
| Noncitizens, ACS 2024 | 24,396,883 |
| Foreign-born residents, ACS 2024 | 50,234,858, about 15% of the population |
| Naturalized share of foreign-born | 51% |
| Noncitizen share of foreign-born | 49% |
| Unauthorized estimates | 13.7 to 14.6 million (2023) |
| State with the most noncitizens | California, 5,003,494 |
| Foreign-born share of labor force, 2025 | 19.1% |
| Foreign-born unemployment rate, 2025 | 4.2% |
Source: Immigration Research Initiative analysis of the 2024 American Community Survey, September 28, 2026; Center for Migration Studies; Pew Research Center; Migration Policy Institute; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 19, 2026.
The first four rows set the baseline. The 2024 American Community Survey counted 24,396,883 noncitizens among 50,234,858 foreign-born residents, so about 49% of immigrants are not citizens and 51% are naturalized. The Census Bureau puts the foreign-born share of the population at 14.8%, the highest level recorded since 1890. The remaining 289.9 million residents were born in the United States.
The last four rows show where noncitizens live and work. Three research groups put the unauthorized population between 13.7 and 14.6 million in 2023. California holds more noncitizens than any other state, at 5,003,494. Foreign-born workers made up 19.1% of the labor force in 2025, and their unemployment rate of 4.2% was close to the native-born rate of 4.3%.
US Noncitizen Population 2026 | Who Counts as a Noncitizen and How Many There Are
FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION BY CITIZENSHIP, ACS 2024 (each █ = 2 million)
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All foreign-born residents █████████████████████████ 50,234,858
Noncitizens ████████████▏ 24,396,883
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| Population Metric | Data |
|---|---|
| Total foreign-born, ACS 2024 | 50,234,858 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 14.8% (Census Bureau) |
| Total US population, 2024 | 340.1 million |
| US-born residents | 289,876,132 |
| Noncitizens | 24,396,883 |
| Naturalized citizens, share of foreign-born | 51% |
| Foreign-born share in 1970 | 4.7% |
| Foreign-born share in 1850 | 9.7% (2.2 million people) |
Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2024; Census Bureau, Foreign-Born Population 250-Year History, July 2026; Immigration Research Initiative, September 2026.
The Census Bureau defines the foreign-born as people who were not US citizens at birth. That group includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents, temporary migrants such as students, humanitarian migrants such as refugees and asylees, and unauthorized migrants. The survey asks about citizenship but not about legal status. That is why noncitizens, at 24,396,883, make up only one part of the 50,234,858 foreign-born population.
History puts the number in context. The foreign-born share was 9.7% in 1850, fell to 4.7% by 1970 and climbed back to 14.8% of 340.1 million residents in 2024. About 51% of today’s foreign-born residents have become citizens. Census Bureau Vintage 2025 estimates, as compiled by one data publisher, put the foreign-born population at about 51.9 million in 2026, down from a record 53.3 million in January 2025, so the 2024 survey figures may now overstate the current total.
Noncitizens by State 2026 | California, Texas, Florida and New York
NONCITIZENS BY STATE, ACS 2024 (each █ = 150,000)
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California █████████████████████████████████▎ 5,003,494
Texas ██████████████████████▎ 3,350,974
Florida ████████████████▏ 2,433,707
New York ████████████▌ 1,877,763
New Jersey ███████ 1,048,985
Illinois ██████▎ 945,493
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| State | Noncitizens, 2024 | Immigrant Share of Population |
|---|---|---|
| California | 5,003,494 | 28% |
| Texas | 3,350,974 | 18% |
| Florida | 2,433,707 | 23% |
| New York | 1,877,763 | 23% |
| New Jersey | 1,048,985 | 25% |
| Illinois | 945,493 | 15% |
| Georgia | 698,506 | 12% |
| Washington | 641,177 | 16% |
| Massachusetts | 641,080 | 19% |
| North Carolina | 632,363 | 10% |
Source: Immigration Research Initiative analysis of the 2024 American Community Survey, September 28, 2026.
Five states each have more than 1 million noncitizens. California leads with 5,003,494, followed by Texas at 3,350,974, Florida at 2,433,707 and New York at 1,877,763, with New Jersey above 1 million at 1,048,985. California’s immigrant share is highest among the large states at 28%, and New Jersey follows at 25%. Florida and New York are both at 23%. Texas has more noncitizens than New York but a lower immigrant share at 18%, because its total population is larger.
The shares vary widely across the country. Immigrants make up 28% of California and only 2% of West Virginia and Montana. Illinois has 945,493 noncitizens, Georgia 698,506 and North Carolina 632,363, so the Southeast has grown into a second tier. Washington (641,177) and Massachusetts (641,080) round out the top ten. The smallest noncitizen populations are in Vermont (8,875), Montana (11,668) and Wyoming (11,301).
Unauthorized Immigrant Estimates 2026 | How Researchers Count the Undocumented
ESTIMATES OF THE UNAUTHORIZED POPULATION IN 2023 (millions; each █ = 0.5 million)
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Center for Migration Studies █████████████████████████████▏ 14.611
Pew Research Center ████████████████████████████ 14.0
Migration Policy Institute ███████████████████████████▍ 13.738
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| Unauthorized Estimate | 2023 Data |
|---|---|
| Center for Migration Studies | 14,611,000 |
| Pew Research Center | 14,000,000, a record |
| Migration Policy Institute | 13,738,000 |
| Range across estimates | 12.2 to 14.6 million |
| Share of 24 million noncitizens | About half |
| California, three estimates | 2.25 to 2.91 million |
| Texas, three estimates | 1.97 to 2.32 million |
| Florida, three estimates | 1.22 to 1.60 million |
Source: Center for Migration Studies; Pew Research Center, August 2025; Migration Policy Institute; Immigration Research Initiative, September 28, 2026.
The Census Bureau does not publish the number of unauthorized immigrants, so research groups estimate it by subtracting the legal population from survey totals and adjusting for undercount. The Center for Migration Studies estimates 14,611,000, Pew 14,000,000 and the Migration Policy Institute 13,738,000, all for 2023. The wider range of 12.2 to 14.6 million reflects other methods and years. All three groups agree that about half of the roughly 24 million noncitizens are unauthorized.
The estimates follow the same geography as noncitizens in total. California has between 2.25 and 2.91 million unauthorized residents depending on the source, Texas between 1.97 and 2.32 million, and Florida between 1.22 and 1.60 million. Researchers note that a significant number of people in this group recently lost protection from deportation, including Temporary Protected Status holders from 13 countries. Estimates from before those changes may not describe the situation now, and the delayed 2025 survey will not help soon.
Foreign-Born Workers in the US 2026 | Labor Force, Participation and Unemployment
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE, 2025 (each █ = 3 points)
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Foreign-born men ██████████████████████████ 76.9%
Native-born men ██████████████████████ 65.8%
Foreign-born (all) ██████████████████████ 66.3%
Native-born (all) ████████████████████ 61.6%
Native-born women ███████████████████ 57.5%
Foreign-born women ██████████████████▋ 56.2%
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| Labor Market Metric, 2025 | Foreign-Born | Native-Born |
|---|---|---|
| Civilian labor force | 32.7 million, 19.1% of total | 138.1 million |
| Labor force participation rate | 66.3% | 61.6% |
| Men’s participation rate | 76.9% | 65.8% |
| Women’s participation rate | 56.2% | 57.5% |
| Employment-population ratio | 63.5% | 58.9% |
| Unemployment rate | 4.2% | 4.3% |
| Median weekly earnings, full-time | $1,059 | $1,236 |
| Earnings as share of native-born | 85.7% | Not applicable |
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Foreign-Born Workers: Labor Force Characteristics 2025, May 19, 2026. Foreign-born data include naturalized citizens.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not report noncitizens separately, so the best federal labor figures cover the foreign-born, a group that includes naturalized citizens. In 2025 that group made up 19.1% of the civilian labor force, or 32.7 million workers, with a participation rate of 66.3% against 61.6% for native-born workers. Foreign-born men participated at 76.9%, far above native-born men at 65.8%, while foreign-born women participated at 56.2%, slightly below native-born women at 57.5%.
Jobs were available. The foreign-born unemployment rate was 4.2%, unchanged from 2024 and just under the native-born rate of 4.3%, which rose from 4.0%. Foreign-born workers earned a median $1,059 a week, or 85.7% of the native-born median of $1,236. The gap is smaller for men (84.5%) and women (85.9%) than for Hispanic workers (79.9%), and it reverses for bachelor’s degree holders. These figures also reflect that the October 2025 survey was not collected because of the federal shutdown.
Foreign-Born Occupations and Education 2026 | Where Immigrant Workers Are Employed
SHARE OF EMPLOYED WORKERS BY OCCUPATION GROUP, 2025 (each █ = 3 points)
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Management, professional Foreign-born ████████████▏ 36.8%
Native-born ███████████████ 45.2%
Service Foreign-born ███████ 21.2%
Native-born █████▏ 15.6%
Production, transport Foreign-born █████ 15.1%
Native-born ███▊ 11.4%
Construction, maintenance Foreign-born ████▍ 13.3%
Native-born ██▋ 7.9%
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| Occupation or Education Metric, 2025 | Foreign-Born | Native-Born |
|---|---|---|
| Management, professional and related | 36.8% | 45.2% |
| Service occupations | 21.2% | 15.6% |
| Production, transportation, material moving | 15.1% | 11.4% |
| Natural resources, construction, maintenance | 13.3% | 7.9% |
| Computer and mathematical occupations | 6.2% | 3.6% |
| Workers without a high school diploma (age 25+) | 17.0% | 3.2% |
| Workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher | 43.2% | 45.5% |
| Foreign-born labor force that is Hispanic | 47.3% | 13.8% |
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Foreign-Born Workers: Labor Force Characteristics 2025, Tables 1 and 4, May 19, 2026.
Foreign-born workers cluster in physical and service jobs but also in technology. They are more likely than native-born workers to hold service jobs (21.2% versus 15.6%), construction and maintenance jobs (13.3% versus 7.9%) and production and transport jobs (15.1% versus 11.4%). They hold computer and mathematical jobs at 6.2% compared with 3.6%, which reflects the many temporary workers on visas, a group covered in the H-1B workers in the US report.
Education explains part of the gap. About 17.0% of foreign-born workers age 25 and over had not finished high school, compared with 3.2% of native-born workers, while 43.2% held a bachelor’s degree or higher against 45.5%. Foreign-born workers are less likely to be in management and professional jobs, at 36.8% against 45.2%. Nearly half of the foreign-born labor force is Hispanic (47.3%) and about a quarter is Asian (25.9%), and Asian foreign-born workers out-earn native-born peers by 5.8%.
Foreign-Born Workers by Age and Education 2026 | Participation and Unemployment
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY EDUCATION, 2025 (each █ = 3 points)
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Less than high school Foreign-born ███████████████████ 57.0%
Native-born ████████████▊ 38.4%
High school graduate Foreign-born █████████████████████ 64.3%
Native-born ██████████████████▍ 55.2%
Bachelor's or higher Foreign-born ████████████████████████▋ 74.2%
Native-born ███████████████████████▉ 71.6%
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| Group, 2025 | Foreign-Born Participation | Foreign-Born Unemployment | Native-Born Unemployment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ages 16 to 24 | 53.0% | 9.1% | 10.1% |
| Ages 25 to 54 | 81.2% | 3.9% | 3.5% |
| Ages 55 to 64 | 71.7% | 3.3% | 2.8% |
| Ages 65 and older | 21.4% | 4.3% | 3.1% |
| Less than high school | 57.0% | 5.2% | 7.3% |
| High school graduates | 64.3% | 4.1% | 4.3% |
| Some college | 68.9% | 3.2% | 3.5% |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 74.2% | 3.4% | 2.4% |
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Foreign-Born Workers: Labor Force Characteristics 2025, Table 1, May 19, 2026.
Prime-age foreign-born workers are the engine. In 2025, 81.2% of foreign-born adults aged 25 to 54 were in the labor force, with unemployment at 3.9%, compared with a native-born rate of 3.5%. Young foreign-born adults had a participation rate of 53.0% and an unemployment rate of 9.1%, below the 10.1% for native-born peers. Among workers 65 and older, 21.4% of the foreign-born were still working or looking, and 4.3% of them were unemployed.
Education changes the pattern. Foreign-born adults without a high school diploma participated at 57.0%, far above the 38.4% for native-born adults, and their unemployment rate was 5.2% against 7.3%. At the top, 74.2% of foreign-born college graduates were in the labor force, versus 71.6% of native-born graduates, though their jobless rate was higher, at 3.4% against 2.4%. High school graduates participated at 64.3% with 4.1% unemployment.
Foreign-Born Workers by Race and Ethnicity 2026 | Composition, Jobless Rates and Earnings
FOREIGN-BORN LABOR FORCE BY RACE AND ETHNICITY, 2025 (each █ = 2 points)
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Hispanic or Latino ███████████████████████▌ 47.3%
Asian █████████████ 25.9%
White ███████▌ 15.0%
Black █████▎ 10.7%
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| Foreign-Born Group, 2025 | Participation | Unemployment | Median Weekly Earnings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 68.1% | 4.4% | $841 |
| Asian | 64.8% | 3.3% | $1,615 |
| White | 61.5% | 3.9% | $1,543 |
| Black | 70.4% | 5.9% | $995 |
| All foreign-born | 66.3% | 4.2% | $1,059 |
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Foreign-Born Workers: Labor Force Characteristics 2025, Tables 1 and 5, May 19, 2026.
Hispanic and Asian workers make up almost three-quarters of the foreign-born labor force. Hispanic or Latino workers account for 47.3% and Asian workers for 25.9%, with White workers at 15.0% and Black workers at 10.7%. The native-born labor force looks very different, at 13.8% Hispanic and 2.8% Asian. Foreign-born Black workers had the highest participation rate, at 70.4%, and White workers the lowest, at 61.5%.
Jobless rates and pay diverge. Foreign-born Black workers faced unemployment of 5.9%, compared with 4.4% for Hispanic workers, 3.9% for White workers and 3.3% for Asian workers. Weekly earnings range from $841 for Hispanic workers to $1,615 for Asian workers. Hispanic foreign-born workers earned 79.9% as much as their native-born counterparts, while foreign-born White workers earned 14.9% more and foreign-born Asian workers 5.8% more. Occupation and education explain much of the difference.
Foreign-Born Workers by Region 2026 | West, Northeast, South and Midwest
FOREIGN-BORN SHARE OF THE LABOR FORCE BY REGION, 2025 (each █ = 2 points)
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West ████████████▎ 24.5%
Northeast ███████████▎ 22.7%
Nation █████████▌ 19.1%
South █████████▎ 18.7%
Midwest █████▍ 10.8%
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| Region, 2025 | Foreign-Born Share of Labor Force | Foreign-Born Unemployment Rate | Foreign-Born Workers (labor force) |
|---|---|---|---|
| West | 24.5% | 4.4% | 9.95 million |
| Northeast | 22.7% | 4.4% | 6.74 million |
| South | 18.7% | 3.7% | 12.12 million |
| Midwest | 10.8% | 4.9% | 3.89 million |
| United States | 19.1% | 4.2% | 32.69 million |
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Foreign-Born Workers: Labor Force Characteristics 2025, Table 6, May 19, 2026.
Immigrants are concentrated in coastal and southern regions. The foreign-born made up 24.5% of the labor force in the West and 22.7% in the Northeast, against 19.1% nationally. The South has the largest foreign-born labor force at 12.12 million, but at 18.7% its share sits just under the national figure. The Midwest has the smallest share at 10.8% and 3.89 million workers.
Joblessness differs by region too. The foreign-born unemployment rate was 3.7% in the South, 4.4% in both the West and the Northeast and 4.9% in the Midwest. For native-born workers the rate ranged from 4.0% in the South to 5.0% in the West. These regional gaps matter for debates about labor shortages. The citizen side of the population is covered in the number of US citizens report.
Noncitizen Legal Status and Policy 2026 | Green Cards, TPS and Data Delays
GREEN CARDS ISSUED IN FY2025 BY SELECTED CATEGORY (each █ = 10,000)
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Family-sponsored preferences ████████████████████ 196,740
Employment-based preferences ████████████████ 159,070
Refugees adjusting ████████████ 116,470
Asylees adjusting ██████ 60,390
Diversity Visa lottery █████ 52,470
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| Legal Status Metric | Data |
|---|---|
| Green cards issued, fiscal 2025 | 1,320,080 |
| Green cards issued, fiscal 2024 | 1,356,760 |
| Employment-based green cards, 2025 | 159,070 |
| Family-sponsored preference green cards, 2025 | 196,740 |
| Refugee green cards, 2025 | 116,470 |
| Asylee green cards, 2025 | 60,390 |
| Countries with TPS protection recently removed | 13 |
| American Community Survey 2025 release | Delayed by a June 2026 Commerce Department order |
Source: Department of Homeland Security, Office of Homeland Security Statistics, fiscal 2025 data as reported by Newsweek; Immigration Research Initiative, September 2026.
Lawful permanent residents are the largest legal group of noncitizens. The Department of Homeland Security counted 1,320,080 new green cards in fiscal 2025, down from 1,356,760 in 2024. That included 159,070 employment-based, 196,740 family-sponsored preference, 116,470 refugee and 60,390 asylee green cards. Details on categories, caps and backlogs are in the US green card statistics report.
Legal status is shifting. Temporary Protected Status was removed for people from 13 countries over the past year, which moved a large group out of protected status. The Commerce Department’s June 2026 disclosure order has delayed the 2025 American Community Survey, so the next official noncitizen count by state will arrive later than expected. Until then, the 2024 figures of 24,396,883 noncitizens remain the latest federal survey estimate.
Noncitizen in US FAQs 2026
How many noncitizens live in the US in 2026?
The latest Census Bureau survey estimate is 24,396,883 noncitizens in 2024. The 2025 survey release has been delayed.
What is the difference between a noncitizen and a foreign-born person?
Foreign-born people were not US citizens at birth and include naturalized citizens. Noncitizens are the foreign-born who have not naturalized.
What share of immigrants are noncitizens?
About 49% of the 50.2 million foreign-born residents in 2024 were noncitizens, and 51% were naturalized citizens.
How many unauthorized immigrants are in the US?
Estimates for 2023 range from 13.7 to 14.6 million, including Pew’s 14.0 million record and the Center for Migration Studies’ 14.6 million.
Which state has the most noncitizens?
California, with 5,003,494 in 2024, followed by Texas (3,350,974), Florida (2,433,707) and New York (1,877,763).
What percent of the US population is foreign-born?
14.8% in 2024, the highest share since 1890, according to the Census Bureau.
How many foreign-born people are in the US labor force?
32.7 million in 2025, or 19.1% of the civilian labor force, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
What is the unemployment rate for foreign-born workers?
4.2% in 2025, compared with 4.3% for native-born workers.
How much do foreign-born workers earn?
A median $1,059 a week for full-time workers in 2025, or 85.7% of the native-born median of $1,236.
Where do foreign-born workers make up the biggest share of the workforce?
The West at 24.5%, followed by the Northeast at 22.7%.
What share of foreign-born workers are Hispanic?
47.3% of the foreign-born labor force in 2025, with Asian workers at 25.9%, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Which foreign-born group has the highest unemployment rate?
Black foreign-born workers, at 5.9% in 2025, compared with 3.3% for Asian foreign-born workers.
Do foreign-born workers have higher labor force participation than native-born workers?
Yes overall, at 66.3% against 61.6%, though foreign-born women (56.2%) participate slightly less than native-born women (57.5%).
What share of foreign-born workers lack a high school diploma?
17.0% of foreign-born workers age 25 and over, compared with 3.2% of native-born workers.
How many green cards were issued in 2025?
1,320,080, down from 1,356,760 in 2024, according to the Department of Homeland Security.
Why is noncitizen data delayed in 2026?
A June 2026 Commerce Department order on disclosure avoidance delayed the release of the 2025 American Community Survey.
Does the Census count noncitizens?
Yes. The census and the American Community Survey count all residents, regardless of legal status, but they do not ask about legal status itself.
Are noncitizens included in the labor force statistics?
Yes, within the foreign-born category. The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not publish noncitizens separately in its annual foreign-born release.
Disclaimer: This research report is compiled from publicly available sources. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is given as to the completeness or reliability of the information. We accept no liability for any errors, omissions, losses, or damages of any kind arising from the use of this report.