Average Salary for a University Professor in America 2025
The academic profession in America continues to evolve as university professors navigate a complex landscape of compensation structures that vary significantly based on rank, institution type, and geographic location. As of the 2024-25 academic year, university professors in the United States earn varied salaries that reflect their expertise, experience, and institutional affiliation. The most recent comprehensive data reveals that full-time faculty members across all ranks command an average salary of approximately $127,125 for male professors and $105,751 for female professors, highlighting persistent gender disparities in academia.
University professors represent the backbone of American higher education, responsible for educating millions of students annually while conducting groundbreaking research that advances knowledge across disciplines. Their compensation packages have become increasingly scrutinized as tuition costs rise and institutional budgets face mounting pressures. Understanding professor salaries requires examining multiple data sources from authoritative government agencies, including the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the American Association of University Professors’ comprehensive annual surveys that track over 370,000 full-time faculty members at more than 800 institutions nationwide. The salary landscape reflects not only academic credentials and teaching responsibilities but also the competitive marketplace for specialized expertise across diverse fields of study.
Interesting Facts About University Professor Salaries in the US 2025
| Fact Category | 2024-25 Data Point | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Median Annual Wage (All Postsecondary Teachers) | $83,980 | U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2024 |
| Average Full Professor Salary | $160,954 | AAUP Faculty Compensation Survey 2024-25 |
| Average Associate Professor Salary | $122,745 | AAUP Data 2023-24 |
| Average Assistant Professor Salary | $114,852 | AAUP Data 2023-24 |
| Salary Increase (Nominal, 2023-24 to 2024-25) | 3.8% | AAUP Annual Report 2024-25 |
| Real Wage Growth (Adjusted for Inflation) | 0.9% | AAUP Annual Report 2024-25 |
| Total Full-Time Faculty Employed | 600,098 | NCES IPEDS Data 2023-24 |
| Faculty in Public Institutions | 69% | NEA Faculty Salary Report 2025 |
| Adjunct Faculty Average Pay Per Course | $4,093 | AAUP Data 2023-24 |
| Gender Pay Gap (Women’s Earnings) | 83.2 cents per male dollar | AAUP Report 2024-25 |
| HBCU Faculty Pay Disparity | 75 cents per non-HBCU dollar | NEA Report 2025 |
| Highest-Paid Discipline (Law Professors) | $139,950 | BLS OEWS May 2024 |
| Highest-Paid Discipline (Economics) | $133,140 | BLS OEWS May 2024 |
| Health Specialties Teachers Average | $137,900 | BLS OEWS May 2024 |
| Full-Time Faculty on 9/10-Month Contracts | $101,955 average | NEA Report 2025 |
Data sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (May 2024), American Association of University Professors Faculty Compensation Survey (2024-25), National Education Association Higher Education Faculty Salary Report (2025), National Center for Education Statistics IPEDS (2023-24)
The statistical landscape of university professor compensation reveals several compelling trends that define the academic profession in 2025. The median annual wage of $83,980 represents the midpoint for all postsecondary teachers, meaning half earn more and half earn less than this figure. However, this median masks significant variation across academic ranks, with full professors earning nearly 40% more than associate professors on average. The 3.8% nominal salary increase from 2023-24 to 2024-25 appears substantial on the surface, but when adjusted for the 2.9% inflation rate, real purchasing power only increased by 0.9%, indicating that faculty salaries barely kept pace with rising costs of living.
The gender pay gap remains a persistent challenge, with women faculty earning just 83.2 cents for every dollar earned by male colleagues in 2024-25. This disparity becomes even more pronounced at the full professor rank, where women earned an average of $147,375 compared to $168,927 for men, representing only 87.2% of male earnings. The situation for faculty at Historically Black Colleges and Universities is equally concerning, with HBCU professors earning just 75 cents on the dollar compared to their non-HBCU counterparts. Meanwhile, adjunct faculty continue to struggle with average compensation of only $4,093 per three-credit course section, forcing many to cobble together multiple teaching positions to achieve a livable income. These statistics underscore the complex economic realities facing American academia, where prestige and compensation vary dramatically based on institutional type, academic discipline, and demographic factors.
Average University Professor Salary in the US by Academic Rank 2025
| Academic Rank | Average Annual Salary 2024-25 | Salary Range | Percentage of Faculty |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full Professor | $160,954 | $147,375 – $181,273 | Approximately 30% |
| Associate Professor | $122,745 | $112,000 – $135,000 | Approximately 25% |
| Assistant Professor | $114,852 | $100,000 – $125,000 | Approximately 20% |
| Instructor | $62,023 – $87,038 | $55,000 – $95,000 | Approximately 15% |
| Lecturer | $56,712 | $48,000 – $75,000 | Approximately 10% |
Data source: American Association of University Professors (AAUP) Faculty Compensation Survey 2024-25, AAUP Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession 2024-25
Academic rank serves as the primary determinant of professor salaries in American higher education, establishing a clear hierarchy that rewards experience, scholarly achievement, and institutional commitment. Full professors, who represent the pinnacle of academic achievement, earned an impressive average salary of $160,954 in the 2024-25 academic year, reflecting decades of dedication to teaching, research, and service. These senior faculty members typically hold terminal degrees, have achieved tenure, and demonstrate sustained excellence in their disciplines through publications, grants, and national recognition. The salary range for full professors can extend from $147,375 for women to $181,273 at prestigious doctoral institutions, representing the most significant earning potential in academic careers.
Associate professors occupy the middle tier of the academic hierarchy, earning an average of $122,745 annually while balancing teaching responsibilities with continued research productivity. These mid-career academics have typically achieved tenure and maintain active scholarly agendas while mentoring junior colleagues and serving on important university committees. Assistant professors, the entry-level tenure-track position, command an average salary of $114,852, representing a 23.6% difference from their associate professor colleagues. The salary compression between assistant and associate professor ranks has become increasingly pronounced, with newer faculty sometimes earning competitive starting salaries that approach those of their more senior peers. Non-tenure-track positions including instructors and lecturers earn considerably less, with instructors averaging between $62,023 and $87,038 depending on institution type, while lecturers typically earn around $56,712, highlighting the two-tiered compensation structure that increasingly characterizes American higher education.
University Professor Salary in the US by Institution Type 2025
| Institution Type | Average Salary (All Ranks) | Full Professor Average | Associate Professor Average | Assistant Professor Average |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private Independent Universities | $135,000 – $145,000 | $196,353 | $130,000 – $145,000 | $115,000 – $128,000 |
| Public Universities | $115,000 – $125,000 | $145,112 | $112,000 – $125,000 | $98,000 – $112,000 |
| Research Universities (Doctoral) | $140,000 – $160,000 | $181,273 | $135,000 – $148,000 | $118,000 – $130,000 |
| Master’s/Comprehensive Institutions | $95,000 – $108,000 | $125,000 – $138,000 | $95,000 – $108,000 | $85,000 – $95,000 |
| Community Colleges | $73,000 – $93,000 | $95,000 – $105,000 | $78,000 – $88,000 | $68,000 – $78,000 |
| Liberal Arts Colleges | $105,000 – $120,000 | $138,162 | $105,000 – $118,000 | $92,000 – $105,000 |
| Religious Institutions | $100,000 – $115,000 | $136,928 | $100,000 – $115,000 | $88,000 – $100,000 |
Data source: American Association of University Professors (AAUP) 2024-25 Faculty Compensation Survey, NEA Higher Education Faculty Salary Report 2025
Institution type dramatically influences professor compensation, creating vast disparities in earning potential across the American higher education landscape. Private independent universities lead the compensation hierarchy, offering full professors an average salary of $196,353, which represents a staggering 35% premium over their public university counterparts who earn an average of $145,112. This private-sector advantage extends across all academic ranks, with private institutions consistently outpacing public universities by $20,000 to $50,000 annually. Research universities, particularly elite doctoral institutions, command the highest salaries overall, with full professors averaging $181,273 and benefiting from robust research funding, lower teaching loads, and prestige-driven compensation packages.
The compensation gap becomes even more pronounced when comparing research universities to regional comprehensive institutions and community colleges. Faculty at master’s-level comprehensive institutions earn approximately $95,000 to $108,000 across all ranks, representing a 30-40% reduction compared to their research university peers. Community college professors face the most challenging compensation environment, with average salaries ranging from $73,000 to $93,000, despite often carrying heavier teaching loads of four to five courses per semester compared to the two to three courses typical at research institutions. Liberal arts colleges occupy a middle ground, offering competitive salaries averaging $105,000 to $120,000 with full professors earning approximately $138,162. Religious institutions typically pay slightly less than their secular private counterparts but more than public institutions, with averages around $100,000 to $115,000. The 3.9% salary increase at public institutions in 2024-25 slightly outpaced the 3.6% increase at private independent institutions and the 3.0% increase at religious institutions, suggesting modest gains in closing the compensation gap, though significant disparities persist.
Average Professor Salary in the US by Academic Discipline 2025
| Academic Discipline | Median Annual Salary | Mean Annual Salary | Top 10% Earning | Bottom 10% Earning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Law Professors | $139,950 | $150,000+ | $220,000+ | $95,000 |
| Economics Professors | $133,140 | $145,000 | $205,000+ | $88,000 |
| Health Specialties Teachers | $137,900 | $155,000 | $235,000+ | $92,000 |
| Engineering Teachers | $119,340 | $128,000 | $185,000 | $82,000 |
| Business Teachers | $113,840 | $125,000 | $175,000 | $78,000 |
| Physical Sciences Teachers | $105,460 | $118,000 | $165,000 | $72,000 |
| Computer Science Teachers | $105,830 | $115,000 | $168,000 | $75,000 |
| Life Sciences Teachers | $100,900 | $112,000 | $158,000 | $68,000 |
| Mathematical Science Teachers | $92,880 | $105,000 | $148,000 | $65,000 |
| Social Sciences Teachers | $100,440 | $110,000 | $155,000 | $70,000 |
| Psychology Teachers | $93,530 | $102,000 | $145,000 | $66,000 |
| English/Literature Teachers | $90,400 | $100,664 | $140,000 | $63,000 |
| History Teachers | $93,710 | $103,000 | $142,000 | $64,000 |
| Education Teachers | $78,500 | $88,000 | $125,000 | $58,000 |
| Arts/Communications Teachers | $94,900 | $105,000 | $148,000 | $65,000 |
Data source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024, Salary.com Data April 2024
Academic discipline represents one of the most significant factors influencing professor compensation in American universities, with salary variations exceeding $60,000 between the highest and lowest-paid fields. Law professors command the highest median salary at $139,950, reflecting the lucrative alternative career paths available to legal scholars in private practice where starting salaries at major law firms can exceed $200,000. Universities must compete with these opportunities to attract and retain qualified legal educators, resulting in premium compensation packages. Economics professors follow closely with median earnings of $133,140, benefiting from strong demand in both academia and the private sector where economists work for corporations, government agencies, and consulting firms at substantial salaries.
Health specialties teachers, including medical school faculty, nursing professors, and allied health educators, earn an impressive median of $137,900, with mean salaries reaching $155,000 due to the critical shortage of healthcare educators and the lucrative alternatives in clinical practice. Engineering professors command median salaries of $119,340, while business school faculty earn $113,840, both reflecting robust private-sector opportunities that drive up academic compensation. The STEM fields generally offer higher salaries, with computer science professors earning $105,830 and physical sciences faculty making $105,460, compared to humanities professors who typically earn 20-30% less. English and literature professors earn a median of $90,400, while education faculty occupy the lower end of the spectrum at $78,500, despite the critical importance of their work in preparing future teachers. These discipline-based disparities reflect market forces, with universities paying premiums in fields where faculty have attractive alternatives outside academia, creating a compensation hierarchy that often prioritizes technical and professional disciplines over liberal arts and humanities.
University Professor Salary in the US by Geographic Location 2025
| State | Average Professor Salary | Cost of Living Index | Salary-Adjusted for COL | Top-Paying Metro Areas |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| California | $184,725 | 138.5 | $133,420 | San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles |
| New York | $165,000 – $175,000 | 125.3 | $131,650 – $139,665 | New York City Metro, Albany |
| Massachusetts | $160,000 – $170,000 | 127.5 | $125,490 – $133,333 | Boston Metro, Cambridge |
| New Jersey | $155,000 – $165,000 | 115.2 | $134,549 – $143,229 | Northern NJ, Princeton Area |
| Connecticut | $148,000 – $158,000 | 116.8 | $126,712 – $135,274 | Hartford Metro, New Haven |
| Illinois | $140,000 – $150,000 | 92.5 | $151,351 – $162,162 | Chicago Metro, Urbana-Champaign |
| Pennsylvania | $135,000 – $145,000 | 94.5 | $142,857 – $153,439 | Philadelphia, Pittsburgh |
| Texas | $125,000 – $135,000 | 91.5 | $136,612 – $147,541 | Austin, Houston, Dallas |
| North Carolina | $120,000 – $130,000 | 88.3 | $135,900 – $147,227 | Research Triangle, Charlotte |
| Florida | $115,000 – $125,000 | 99.2 | $115,927 – $126,008 | Miami, Gainesville, Tallahassee |
| Ohio | $110,000 – $120,000 | 87.8 | $125,285 – $136,673 | Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati |
| Michigan | $108,000 – $118,000 | 89.6 | $120,536 – $131,696 | Ann Arbor, East Lansing |
Data source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS May 2024, Best Colleges Analysis 2024, Cost of Living Index (COLI) 2024
Geographic location significantly impacts professor salaries, with coastal states and major metropolitan areas offering substantially higher compensation than rural and southern regions. California leads the nation with an average professor salary of $184,725, reflecting both the concentration of prestigious research universities including Stanford, UC Berkeley, and Caltech, and the extraordinarily high cost of living in cities like San Francisco and Los Angeles. However, when adjusted for California’s cost of living index of 138.5, the real purchasing power drops to approximately $133,420, highlighting how high nominal salaries can be deceiving in expensive markets. New York and Massachusetts follow closely, with average salaries ranging from $160,000 to $175,000, though similarly elevated costs of living reduce their real value.
The most favorable salary-to-cost-of-living ratios often appear in states like Illinois, Texas, North Carolina, and Ohio, where professors earn competitive salaries of $110,000 to $150,000 while benefiting from cost of living indices between 87.8 and 92.5. A professor earning $140,000 in Chicago enjoys purchasing power equivalent to approximately $151,351 when adjusted for the lower cost of living, potentially exceeding the real value of a $175,000 salary in New York City. Texas offers particularly attractive conditions with growing metropolitan areas like Austin and Dallas combining salaries of $125,000 to $135,000 with a cost of living index of only 91.5, yielding real purchasing power approaching $147,541. The Research Triangle in North Carolina (Durham-Raleigh-Chapel Hill) has emerged as an academic hub offering competitive salaries of $120,000 to $130,000 with exceptionally low living costs. Regional variations also reflect state funding priorities, with states like New Jersey and Connecticut investing heavily in higher education despite smaller populations, while larger states like Florida and Ohio show more modest average salaries of $110,000 to $125,000 due to more constrained public university budgets and larger faculty populations.
Salary Trends and Year-Over-Year Changes for US Professors 2025
| Academic Year | Average Salary (All Ranks) | Nominal Increase | CPI-U Inflation Rate | Real Wage Change | Purchasing Power Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-20 | $103,803 | +2.8% | 1.4% | +1.4% | 100.0 (baseline) |
| 2020-21 | $104,844 | +1.0% | 7.0% | -6.0% | 94.0 |
| 2021-22 | $107,917 | +2.9% | 6.5% | -3.6% | 90.6 |
| 2022-23 | $111,486 | +3.3% | 3.4% | -0.1% | 90.5 |
| 2023-24 | $115,582 | +3.7% | 3.4% | +0.3% | 90.8 |
| 2024-25 | $119,963 | +3.8% | 2.9% | +0.9% | 91.6 |
| 5-Year Total Change | +$16,160 | +15.6% | +24.2% | -8.4% | -8.4% loss in purchasing power |
Data source: American Association of University Professors (AAUP) Annual Reports on the Economic Status of the Profession 2020-2025, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (CPI-U)
The five-year trajectory of professor salaries from 2019-20 through 2024-25 reveals a troubling disconnect between nominal wage growth and real purchasing power. While faculty salaries increased by a cumulative 15.6% or $16,160 over this period, inflation rose by 24.2%, resulting in a net 8.4% loss in purchasing power. The COVID-19 pandemic years of 2020-21 and 2021-22 proved particularly devastating, with real wages declining by 6.0% and 3.6% respectively despite modest nominal increases. The 7.0% inflation rate in 2020-21 and 6.5% rate in 2021-22 far outpaced salary adjustments, eroding faculty standard of living significantly.
The 2023-24 academic year marked a critical turning point as real wages finally showed positive growth of 0.3%, the first increase in four years, followed by 0.9% real growth in 2024-25. The 3.8% nominal increase in 2024-25, combined with moderating inflation of 2.9%, allowed faculty to begin recovering lost ground. However, the purchasing power index of 91.6 for 2024-25 remains substantially below the baseline 100.0 from 2019-20, meaning professors can afford approximately 8.4% less than they could five years ago despite earning higher nominal salaries. Continuing faculty who remained at the same institution fared slightly better, with 4.7% nominal increases in 2024-25 translating to 1.8% real growth, but even these more senior faculty have not fully recovered their pre-pandemic purchasing power. The data underscores how inflation has systematically diminished faculty compensation, requiring years of sustained real wage growth to restore professors to their 2019 economic position.
Gender Pay Gap in University Professor Salaries in the US 2025
| Academic Rank | Male Average Salary | Female Average Salary | Women’s Earnings Ratio | Annual Pay Gap | Lifetime Career Gap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Ranks Combined | $127,125 | $105,751 | 83.2% | -$21,374 | -$854,960 (40 years) |
| Full Professor | $168,927 | $147,375 | 87.2% | -$21,552 | -$862,080 (40 years) |
| Associate Professor | $130,000 | $115,000 | 88.5% | -$15,000 | -$600,000 (40 years) |
| Assistant Professor | $122,000 | $108,000 | 88.5% | -$14,000 | -$560,000 (40 years) |
| Instructor/Lecturer | $68,000 | $60,000 | 88.2% | -$8,000 | -$320,000 (40 years) |
Data source: American Association of University Professors (AAUP) Annual Report 2024-25, AAUP Faculty Salary-Equity Ratios Data 2024-25
The gender pay gap in academic salaries remains one of the most persistent and troubling inequities in American higher education, with women faculty earning just 83.2 cents for every dollar earned by male colleagues in 2024-25. This 16.8% disparity translates to an average annual pay gap of $21,374 across all ranks, compounding to a staggering lifetime career difference of $854,960 over a typical 40-year academic career. The gap proves most severe at the full professor rank, where women earn an average of $147,375 compared to men’s $168,927, representing only 87.2% of male earnings. This $21,552 annual difference at the highest academic rank accumulates to more than $862,000 over a career, significantly impacting retirement savings, Social Security benefits, and overall financial security.
The gender wage gap exhibits complex patterns across different institutional contexts. At community colleges, where overall salaries are lowest, women achieve near parity at 96-98% of male earnings, suggesting more equitable compensation structures at these institutions. However, at research universities where salaries are highest, women earn only 84% of men’s salaries on average, with disparities growing more pronounced in prestigious doctoral institutions. Multiple factors contribute to these gaps, including women’s underrepresentation in higher-paid STEM fields and law, concentration in lower-paying disciplines like education and humanities, slower promotion rates to full professor, and potential bias in hiring and salary negotiation. Women comprise 48% of all faculty but only 33% of full professors at research universities, illustrating the “leaky pipeline” that prevents women from advancing to the highest-paid positions. Addressing this inequity requires institutional commitment to transparent salary structures, regular equity audits, enhanced mentorship and professional development for women faculty, and proactive efforts to promote women to leadership positions where they can influence compensation policies.
Part-Time and Adjunct Faculty Compensation in the US 2025
| Faculty Category | Average Pay Per Course | Estimated Annual Income (6 courses) | Benefits Access | Percentage of Academic Workforce |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjunct Faculty | $4,093 | $24,558 | 34.4% retirement, 31.5% health | 48.6% |
| Private Independent Institutions | $6,481 | $38,886 | Limited | 20-25% of adjuncts |
| Public Universities | $4,200 – $5,000 | $25,200 – $30,000 | Varies | 35-40% of adjuncts |
| Community Colleges | $3,500 – $4,200 | $21,000 – $25,200 | Minimal | 35-40% of adjuncts |
| Religious Institutions (Master’s) | $3,226 | $19,356 | Rare | 10-15% of adjuncts |
| Full-Time Non-Tenure Track | $60,817 – $83,069 | Annual Contract | Often included | 20-25% of faculty |
Data source: American Association of University Professors (AAUP) Faculty Compensation Survey 2023-24 (part-time data), American Federation of Teachers Report 2023
The adjunct faculty crisis represents one of the most severe economic challenges facing American higher education, with contingent instructors comprising nearly half (48.6%) of the academic workforce while earning poverty-level wages. Adjunct professors earned an average of just $4,093 per three-credit course section in 2023-24, representing a 3.9% decrease from pre-pandemic levels. An adjunct teaching a full load of six courses annually (three per semester) would earn approximately $24,558, well below the 2024 federal poverty guideline of $31,200 for a family of four. Many adjuncts teach at multiple institutions to cobble together a living wage, spending significant time commuting between campuses and receiving no compensation for office hours, curriculum development, or committee service that tenure-track faculty perform.
The situation varies dramatically by institution type, with private independent liberal arts colleges offering the highest per-course rates of $6,481, more than double the $3,226 paid at religious master’s institutions. Only 34.4% of institutions contribute toward retirement plans for adjunct faculty, and merely 31.5% provide health insurance contributions, forcing most adjuncts to purchase expensive individual insurance or go without coverage. The American Federation of Teachers 2023 report found that 25% of adjunct faculty earn less than $25,000 annually, falling below the federal poverty line, while only 20% can live comfortably on their teaching income alone. Approximately 38% of adjuncts rely on government assistance programs including SNAP (food stamps), Medicaid, and housing subsidies to survive. The adjunct system enables universities to reduce instructional costs while maintaining enrollment, but at tremendous human cost to dedicated educators who often hold doctoral degrees yet earn less than administrative assistants. Full-time non-tenure-track positions offer better compensation at $60,817 to $83,069 annually with more consistent benefits access, but these faculty still face job insecurity, limited advancement opportunities, and second-class status within institutional hierarchies.
Benefits and Total Compensation for University Professors in the US 2025
| Benefit Category | Average Value | Percentage of Institutions Offering | Typical Coverage | Annual Value Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retirement Contributions | 8-12% of salary | 95-98% for full-time | TIAA-CREF, state pensions | $10,000 – $20,000 |
| Health Insurance Premium | $8,000 – $15,000 (family coverage) | 98-100% for full-time | Employee + family options | $8,000 – $15,000 |
| Life Insurance | 1-2x annual salary | 85-90% | Basic coverage included | $2,000 – $4,000 |
| Disability Insurance | 60% salary replacement | 75-85% | Short-term and long-term | $1,500 – $3,000 |
| Tuition Benefits (Dependents) | 50-100% tuition waiver | 65-75% | Children’s undergraduate education | $15,000 – $60,000 per child |
| Professional Development Funds | $1,500 – $3,500 | 80-90% | Conferences, research travel | $1,500 – $3,500 |
| Sabbatical Leave | 50-100% salary for 6-12 months | 70-80% (tenure-track only) | Every 6-7 years | $50,000 – $100,000 |
| Total Benefits Package Value | 25-35% of base salary | Varies | All combined | $30,000 – $65,000 annually |
Data source: American Association of University Professors (AAUP) Faculty Compensation Survey 2024-25, College and University Professional Association for Human Resources (CUPA-HR) Data
Beyond base salary, university professors receive comprehensive benefits packages that add substantial value to their total compensation, typically worth 25-35% of base salary or $30,000 to $65,000 annually. Retirement benefits represent the most significant component, with nearly all institutions (95-98%) contributing 8-12% of salary to retirement accounts through programs like TIAA-CREF or state pension systems. A professor earning $120,000 receives approximately $9,600 to $14,400 in annual retirement contributions, substantially exceeding typical private-sector matches of 3-6%. These contributions accumulate over a 30-40 year career, often resulting in retirement accounts worth $1-2 million that provide secure retirement income.
Disclaimer: This research report is compiled from publicly available sources. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is given as to the completeness or reliability of the information. We accept no liability for any errors, omissions, losses, or damages of any kind arising from the use of this report.