Percentage of Caucasian in America 2025 | Statistics & Facts

Percentage of Caucasian in America 2025

The percentage of Caucasian in America 2025 represents a pivotal moment in United States demographic history, as the white population navigates significant shifts in both absolute numbers and proportional representation within an increasingly diverse nation. Understanding these demographic changes requires examining not just the current statistics but also the historical trajectories and future projections that define America’s evolving racial and ethnic composition. The white American population, while remaining the nation’s largest racial group, has experienced unprecedented changes over the past decade that fundamentally alter long-standing demographic patterns.

According to the most recent verified data from the United States Census Bureau, non-Hispanic white Americans constitute approximately 56.3% to 58% of the total US population as of 2024-2025, representing roughly 191 to 195 million people. When including Hispanic whites and individuals who identify as white in combination with other races, the total white population reaches over 235 million people, accounting for approximately 71% of Americans. This distinction between non-Hispanic white alone and total white population highlights the complexity of racial categorization in modern America, where multiracial identity and Hispanic ethnicity intersect with traditional racial classifications in increasingly nuanced ways that challenge simple demographic analysis.

Interesting Stats & Facts About Percentage of Caucasian in America 2025

Data Source: US Census Bureau Vintage 2023 Population Estimates, 2020 Census Detailed Demographic and Housing Characteristics File A, Census Bureau Population Projections

Understanding the Percentage of Caucasian in America 2025 Demographics

The percentage of Caucasian in America 2025 tells a story of unprecedented demographic transition, marking the first time in United States history that the non-Hispanic white population has experienced sustained absolute numerical decline rather than merely proportional decrease. The 56.3% to 58% share of the total population held by non-Hispanic whites represents a dramatic shift from 63.7% in 2010 and even more stark change from historical dominance throughout American history. This transformation reflects not a sudden collapse but rather the culmination of long-term demographic trends including aging, declining birth rates, and the rapid growth of minority populations, particularly Hispanic and Asian Americans.

What makes the current moment particularly significant is that 2024 represents the projected peak year for the non-Hispanic white population at approximately 199.6 million people, after which Census Bureau projections anticipate sustained decline through 2060 and beyond. The loss of 461,612 non-Hispanic white Americans between 2022 and 2023 occurred entirely through natural decrease, with 630,000 more deaths than births overwhelming modest gains from international immigration. This natural decrease reflects an aging population structure where the median age for non-Hispanic whites exceeds 44 years, compared to just 31 years for Hispanics and even younger medians for other minority groups. The total white population including Hispanic whites and multiracial combinations at 235 million people (71% of Americans) demonstrates that racial categories have become increasingly complex, with growing numbers identifying with multiple racial backgrounds. Understanding the percentage of Caucasian in America requires grappling with these definitional complexities, as someone who identifies as both white and Hispanic appears in different categories depending on how the data are tabulated, and the rise of multiracial identification creates overlapping categories that defy simple arithmetic.

White Population in America 2025 by State Distribution

Data Source: US Census Bureau State Population Estimates 2023, American Community Survey data

Geographic Distribution of White Population Across America in 2025

The geographic distribution of the white population in America 2025 reveals fascinating regional variations that reflect different migration patterns, economic opportunities, and demographic histories. While California hosts the largest absolute number of non-Hispanic white residents at 13.4 million, they represent only 34.7% of the state’s population, making California a majority-minority state where no single racial or ethnic group constitutes a majority. Similarly, Texas with 12.1 million non-Hispanic whites at 41.2% and Florida with 11.7 million at 53.8% demonstrate how the nation’s most populous states have experienced rapid diversification that has reduced white proportional representation dramatically over recent decades.

In contrast, states in the Upper Midwest and parts of New England maintain much higher white percentages, with Wisconsin at 80.6%, Minnesota at 78.9%, and Ohio at 78.4% representing areas where demographic change has proceeded more slowly. However, even these historically white states are experiencing gradual diversification, particularly in metropolitan areas like Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and Columbus where minority populations are growing substantially. The 13 states where non-Hispanic population declined while Hispanic populations increased between 2022 and 2023 include Alaska, Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Rhode Island, and Vermont, demonstrating that in many communities, Latino population growth is the only factor preventing population loss as white populations age and decline. Urban cores and inner-ring suburbs have generally experienced more rapid white population decline, while some outer suburbs and exurbs continue attracting white residents through both natural migration and international immigration. The pattern emerges clearly when examining counties, where 716 counties gained more Hispanic than non-Hispanic residents, and in many cases, the white population decline was substantial enough that Hispanic gains merely slowed rather than prevented overall population loss. This geographic distribution means that the percentage of Caucasian in America varies dramatically by location, from over 90% in some rural counties to under 30% in major metropolitan areas, creating dramatically different demographic realities for Americans living in different parts of the country.

White Population Growth Rate in America 2025 Trends

Data Source: US Census Bureau Vintage 2023 Population Estimates, National Center for Health Statistics birth/death data

Analyzing White Population Dynamics in America 2025

The white population growth rate in America 2025 represents a historic inflection point, marking the first time that the non-Hispanic white population has experienced sustained absolute decline rather than merely growing more slowly than other groups. The 0.2% annual decrease between 2022 and 2023, while seemingly small in percentage terms, translates to 461,612 fewer non-Hispanic white Americans, a loss roughly equivalent to the entire population of Miami, Florida. This decline occurs entirely through natural decrease, with 630,000 more deaths than births overwhelming the approximately 168,000 net gain from international immigration, demonstrating that the white American population has entered a demographic phase previously seen only in countries like Japan and several European nations.

The fundamental driver of this decline is demographic structure, specifically the intersection of an aging Baby Boom generation reaching peak mortality years with younger cohorts having substantially fewer children than their parents and grandparents. The median age exceeding 44 years for non-Hispanic whites means that a large proportion of the population has moved past prime childbearing years, while younger white adults are having children later and in smaller numbers than previous generations. Birth rates for white American women have fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman, hovering around 1.6 to 1.7, ensuring that each generation is smaller than the previous one even without considering mortality. The contrast with minority populations could not be starker, as Hispanic Americans grow at 1.8% annually and Asian Americans at 2.3%, rates that dwarf the white population’s decline and ensure rapid shifts in proportional representation. The fact that in 11 metro areas with populations over one million, Hispanic growth offset non-Hispanic decline demonstrates that white population loss is not evenly distributed but concentrated in certain geographic areas, particularly older industrial cities and rural areas with limited economic opportunities. Immigration provides some counterbalance, as approximately 168,000 white immigrants arrive annually from Europe, Canada, Australia, the Middle East, and North Africa, but this inflow is insufficient to overcome the natural decrease of 630,000 people. Projections show this trend continuing and potentially accelerating, with the Census Bureau forecasting a 20.6 million decline in the non-Hispanic white population between 2024 and 2060, a loss of roughly 10% that would reduce the non-Hispanic white population to approximately 179 million people by 2060.

White Population by Age Groups in America 2025

Data Source: US Census Bureau Age and Sex Composition, American Community Survey detailed tables

The Aging Demographic Profile of White Population in America 2025

The age distribution of the white population in America 2025 reveals the fundamental demographic challenge driving population decline: an unprecedented age structure tilted heavily toward older adults with relatively few children and young adults to replace them. The median age of 44+ years for non-Hispanic whites stands in stark contrast to 31 years for Hispanics and even younger ages for other minority groups, creating what demographers call an “inverted pyramid” where fewer young people support larger numbers of older adults. This age structure means that even if birth rates were to suddenly increase dramatically, the non-Hispanic white population would continue declining for decades simply because relatively few women remain in prime childbearing years.

The Baby Boom generation born between 1946 and 1964, now aged 61 to 79 years old, constitutes an enormous cohort within the white population, creating a demographic bulge in the 55-74 age range with over 52.8 million people. As this generation ages into their 80s and 90s over the next two decades, mortality rates will rise substantially, accelerating the natural decrease already occurring. Meanwhile, the senior population aged 75 and older at 23 million people is expanding rapidly as improved healthcare extends life expectancy, but this growth in elderly populations paradoxically contributes to population decline by increasing total deaths even as individual life spans lengthen. The working-age population faces increasing pressure, with a rising dependency ratio as more retirees require support from fewer workers, a challenge that affects Social Security, Medicare, and family caregiving responsibilities. Perhaps most significantly, the child population under 18 at 32.5 million represents only 47.3% of all American children, down from over 60% just two decades ago, and this share continues falling as minority populations grow younger and white populations age. The young adult population aged 18-34 at 38.2 million is substantially smaller than the middle-aged cohorts, reflecting decades of declining birth rates and ensuring that the next generation of parents will be smaller still. This age structure creates what demographers call “demographic momentum,” where population decline becomes self-reinforcing as each generation is smaller than the previous one, fewer women enter childbearing years, and the absolute number of births continues falling even if per-woman fertility rates stabilize.

White Population by Ancestry in America 2025

Data Source: US Census Bureau 2020 Census Detailed Demographic and Housing Characteristics File A

Diversity Within the White Population in America 2025

The white population by ancestry in America 2025 demonstrates remarkable internal diversity that often goes unrecognized in broader discussions of racial demographics. The three largest ancestry groups—English (46.6 million), German (45 million), and Irish (38.6 million)—together account for over half of the white alone or in combination population, but dozens of other distinct national origins contribute to white American identity. The English ancestry group dominates throughout the South, West, and New England, reflecting both colonial settlement patterns and the tendency of long-established Americans to identify with British heritage. German Americans, concentrated in the Midwest, Pennsylvania, and parts of Texas including the Texas Hill Country, represent the single largest European immigrant group to arrive in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Italian American population of 16.8 million maintains strong ethnic identity particularly in the New York metropolitan area, New Jersey, and other Northeastern urban centers, where Italian immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries created distinctive ethnic neighborhoods and cultural institutions that persist today. Polish Americans at 8.6 million remain concentrated in the Great Lakes states, particularly Illinois, New York, and Michigan, reflecting industrial-era immigration patterns that brought millions of Eastern Europeans to American factories. The French population of 8 million includes both descendants of colonial French settlers in Louisiana (Cajuns and Creoles) and Canadian French immigrants in New England, maintaining distinctive cultural traditions including language preservation in some communities. Scottish (8.4 million), Swedish (3.8 million), Norwegian (3.8 million), and Dutch (3.6 million) populations demonstrate the breadth of Northern and Western European immigration that shaped American demographics, with Scandinavians particularly concentrated in the Upper Midwest where farmland availability attracted 19th-century immigrants.

Importantly, Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) populations are classified as white by current Census Bureau standards, including Lebanese Americans (1.0 million), Iranian Americans (500,000+), Syrian Americans, Egyptian Americans, and others. This classification reflects the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards but has sparked ongoing debate about whether MENA populations should have their own distinct category, as many individuals from these backgrounds do not identify primarily as white and face discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, or national origin. The percentage of Caucasian in America thus encompasses not just descendants of European immigrants but also significant populations from North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia, creating a more diverse category than the term “white” often suggests in popular usage. Regional concentration patterns remain strong even generations after immigration, with English ancestry dominant in 2,050 of 3,221 counties, German in over 1,000 counties, and Irish in 80 counties, showing that ethnic settlement patterns established more than a century ago continue influencing local cultural identities and community characteristics today.

White Labor Force Participation in America 2025

Data Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Situation, Census Bureau Economic Indicators, Small Business Administration data

Economic Position of White Population in America 2025

The economic profile of the white labor force in America 2025 reflects both significant advantages accumulated over generations and emerging challenges related to demographic aging and economic restructuring. The 99.5 million white workers comprising approximately 55% of the total US labor force maintain the largest single share of employment, but this proportion continues declining as minority populations grow and enter working ages while white workers retire. The labor force participation rate of 62.8% for whites sits slightly below the national average, primarily because the aging white population includes millions of retirees who depress overall participation rates, whereas younger minority populations show higher percentages in working ages.

White Americans maintain substantial economic advantages across multiple metrics, with median household income of $77,999 significantly exceeding the national median and all major minority groups except Asian Americans. The unemployment rate of 3.2-3.8% for whites typically runs 1-2 percentage points below national averages, reflecting educational advantages, social networks, and reduced discrimination in hiring. The poverty rate of 8.1% for non-Hispanic whites represents the lowest rate among major racial groups, demonstrating better economic security despite containing the largest absolute number of Americans in poverty simply due to population size. White Americans own 21.7 million businesses representing 81.3% of all US businesses, a proportion far exceeding population share and reflecting accumulated wealth, greater access to capital, family business transfers across generations, and historical advantages in economic opportunity.

Occupationally, 44.3% of white workers hold management or professional positions, overrepresentation in high-skill, high-wage careers that drives income differentials with other groups. However, the transition from manufacturing to service economy has hit some white working-class communities particularly hard, especially in the Rust Belt and Appalachia where factory closures eliminated well-paying jobs that did not require college degrees. Educational attainment increasingly determines economic outcomes, with college-educated whites thriving in the knowledge economy while those without degrees face stagnant wages and declining opportunities in traditional blue-collar sectors. The percentage of Caucasian in America’s economic elite remains disproportionately high, with whites comprising over 80% of Fortune 500 CEOs, federal judges, university presidents, and other positions of economic and institutional power, though increasing diversity initiatives aim to broaden representation over time. As the white population ages, concerns emerge about funding retirement programs like Social Security and Medicare when fewer workers support more retirees, potentially creating generational economic tensions as working-age minority populations fund programs benefiting predominantly white retirees.

White Educational Attainment in America 2025

Data Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Census Bureau Educational Attainment, Department of Education reports

Educational Achievement and Access for White Population in America 2025

Educational attainment within the white population in America 2025 reveals both historic advantages and emerging challenges in an increasingly competitive and diverse educational landscape. The high school completion rate of 94.9% for whites aged 25 and older represents near-universal access to basic education, achieved decades ago and maintained through strong public education systems in predominantly white communities. However, this advantage has diminished as minority groups, particularly Asian Americans and increasingly Hispanic Americans, close the completion gap, making high school graduation a baseline expectation rather than a distinguishing achievement.

College participation tells a more complex story, with 37.3% of white adults holding bachelor’s degrees, a rate that exceeds Black Americans (28.1%) and Hispanic Americans (19.0%) but falls significantly below Asian Americans (57.3%), creating a new dynamic where whites no longer hold the highest educational attainment among major racial groups. The college enrollment rate of 41% for whites aged 18-24 has actually declined slightly in recent years as rising costs, student debt concerns, and alternative career paths attract some young whites away from traditional four-year degrees. The average student debt burden exceeding $30,000 for white graduates represents a significant financial challenge, potentially delaying home purchases, marriage, and childbearing in ways that contribute to declining birth rates and later family formation. Advanced degree attainment at 15.1% of white adults maintains competitive levels essential for high-paying professional careers, but increasing competition from highly educated Asian Americans and international students creates pressure in fields like medicine, law, and doctoral programs.

STEM education presents particular challenges, as white students remain overrepresented in absolute numbers but are losing proportional share to Asian American students who demonstrate exceptionally high participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields. Geographic inequality in educational quality has become increasingly apparent, with predominantly white suburban school districts often providing superior educational resources compared to urban and rural schools, but white rural and working-class communities frequently face educational challenges including underfunded schools, limited Advanced Placement offerings, and weak college preparation. The declining economic returns to education for non-elite degrees affect white working-class communities particularly hard, as the income gap between graduates of elite universities and typical state schools continues widening, and some young people question whether college costs justify potential benefits. As the percentage of Caucasian in America decreases, white students increasingly share classrooms, compete for admissions, and vie for scholarships with highly qualified minority students, creating both enriching diversity and heightened academic pressure that previous generations did not experience.

White Population Health and Healthcare in America 2025

Data Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Department of Health and Human Services reports

Health Patterns and Challenges for White Population in America 2025

The health profile of the white population in America 2025 presents a paradoxical picture where overall advantages in healthcare access and income coexist with specific health crises that disproportionately affect white Americans, particularly in working-class and rural communities. The life expectancy of 77.9 years for non-Hispanic whites represents a decline from peak levels reached around 2014, making white Americans the only major racial group to experience sustained life expectancy decreases over the past decade. This troubling trend reflects the impact of what economists Anne Case and Angus Deaton termed “deaths of despair”—fatalities from opioid overdoses, alcohol-related liver disease, and suicide that have surged particularly among middle-aged white Americans without college degrees.

The opioid overdose epidemic has hit white communities with devastating force, with overdose death rates for whites significantly exceeding those of Black and Hispanic Americans in recent years, particularly in Appalachia, the Rust Belt, and rural areas where prescription opioid addiction transitioned to heroin and synthetic opioids like fentanyl. The suicide rate of 17.5 per 100,000 for whites represents the highest rate among major racial groups, driven particularly by elevated rates among middle-aged and elderly white men who account for approximately 70% of all American suicides despite representing only about 30% of the population. These deaths of despair correlate strongly with economic dislocation, particularly in communities where manufacturing jobs disappeared, leaving limited opportunities for workers whose identity and economic security were tied to blue-collar employment.

More conventional health metrics show mixed patterns, with the obesity rate of 42.2% among white adults representing a serious public health challenge though somewhat below rates for Black and Hispanic Americans. The diabetes prevalence of 7.4% remains the lowest among major groups but continues rising as obesity increases and the population ages. The uninsured rate of only 5.6% for whites reflects both higher average incomes providing private insurance access and the elderly white population’s Medicare coverage, ensuring better healthcare access than most minority groups experience. However, healthcare quality and access vary dramatically by geography and class, with rural white Americans often facing limited healthcare infrastructure as rural hospitals close and physician shortages leave some areas with minimal access to primary care, much less specialized services. Mental health remains particularly underserved, with cultural factors including stigma around seeking mental health treatment contributing to untreated depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders that drive deaths of despair. The aging white population will place increasing demands on healthcare systems, particularly Medicare and long-term care facilities, as the Baby Boom generation enters ages requiring extensive medical intervention, creating fiscal pressures on public programs and families providing eldercare.

White Population Political Influence in America 2025

Data Source: US Census Bureau Voting and Registration Reports, Pew Research Center political analysis, Center for American Progress demographic studies

Sustained Political Power of White Population in America 2025

The political influence of the white population in America 2025 remains dominant despite declining population share, as whites continue to constitute the majority of voters, hold disproportionate political power, and determine election outcomes in most states and districts. With 153 million eligible white voters representing 63.9% of the total electorate, whites maintain a substantial voting majority that exceeds their population share due to higher citizenship rates (many Hispanics and Asian Americans are not yet citizens) and age structure (whites skew older, with more people over age 18). The voter turnout rate of 65-71% for whites significantly exceeds participation rates for Hispanic (52-58%) and Black (58-63%) voters, amplifying white electoral influence beyond raw population numbers.

White voters determine outcomes in 35+ states where they constitute voter majorities, including critical swing states like Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Arizona, Georgia, and Nevada where presidential elections are won or lost. Even in increasingly diverse states like Georgia and Arizona, white voters still comprise 60-65% of the electorate, making white voter behavior the single most important factor in competitive races. The fact that 78% of Congress remains white while whites represent 58% of the population demonstrates continued overrepresentation in political power, though this gap has narrowed considerably from decades past when Congress was over 95% white. Representation in state legislatures, governorships, and local offices similarly shows white overrepresentation, particularly in predominantly white states and rural areas.

However, white political behavior has become increasingly polarized along educational, geographic, and generational lines, fragmenting what was once a more unified white electorate. White voters without college degrees have shifted dramatically toward the Republican Party, particularly in rural areas and small towns, viewing Republican positions on immigration, trade, and cultural issues as aligned with their interests and identities. In contrast, white college-educated voters, especially in suburbs, have moved toward Democrats, driven by concerns about climate change, healthcare, social issues, and reaction against populist politics. The rural-urban divide among white voters has become stark, with rural whites voting Republican by margins of 60-70% while urban whites lean Democratic by similar margins, and suburban whites increasingly competitive. Younger white voters under 35 show substantially more liberal views on social issues, climate change, and racial justice compared to older cohorts, suggesting future shifts in white political alignment as generational replacement occurs. The percentage of Caucasian in America’s electorate continues declining, projected to fall below 60% by 2030 and potentially to 50% or lower by 2040, meaning that white voters will eventually lose majority status in the electorate as they have in the population among young people, fundamentally altering American electoral politics and requiring parties to build multiracial coalitions rather than relying primarily on white voter support.

White Population Geographic Mobility in America 2025

Data Source: Census Bureau Migration/Geographic Mobility, American Community Survey flows data, Internal Revenue Service migration data

Changing Geographic Patterns of White Population in America 2025

Geographic mobility patterns for the white population in America 2025 demonstrate significant internal migration that redistributes white Americans across regions while maintaining overall population decline nationally. The annual interstate migration rate of 1.8% for whites translates to roughly 3.5 million people changing states each year, with clear directional flows from the Northeast and Midwest toward the South and West. Florida, Texas, Arizona, North Carolina, and Tennessee rank as top destinations for white interstate migrants, attracting both working-age families seeking better economic opportunities and lower taxes, and retirees pursuing warm climates and lower costs of living.

The retirement migration of Baby Boomers represents a massive demographic shift, with millions of white retirees relocating from expensive Northern states to Florida, Arizona, and the Carolinas, fundamentally altering the demographics of destination communities while draining younger populations from origin states. This retirement migration creates fiscal challenges for states losing affluent retirees while gaining low-income residents, and strains infrastructure in destination areas unprepared for rapid growth in elderly populations requiring healthcare and services. The continuing suburban growth pattern sees white families, particularly those with children, moving from expensive urban cores to suburban communities offering larger homes, good schools, and perceived safety, though this pattern varies by metro area and has reversed in some cities where urban living appeals to young professionals.

Younger white Americans, particularly college-educated Millennials and Gen Z, show different migration patterns than their parents, with higher rates of urban living, delayed suburban moves associated with later marriage and childbearing, and willingness to prioritize cultural amenities over space. The impact of remote work following the COVID-19 pandemic enabled significant white migration to smaller cities and mountain towns in states like Idaho, Montana, and Utah, where lower costs of living combine with outdoor recreation and quality of life, often dramatically changing local housing markets and politics. Rural white America continues experiencing population decline through out-migration of young people seeking education and economic opportunities unavailable in small towns, leaving aging populations and struggling economies in many rural counties. Gentrification patterns see white Americans moving into historically Black and Hispanic urban neighborhoods, attracted by location and affordability, but often displacing long-term residents through rising housing costs, a pattern that creates significant social tensions and policy debates about equitable development.

The trajectory of the percentage of Caucasian in America through 2025 and beyond points toward continued absolute decline in the non-Hispanic white population and accelerating proportional decrease as minority populations, particularly Hispanic and Asian Americans, grow rapidly through both natural increase and immigration. Census Bureau projections suggest that non-Hispanic whites will fall below 50% of the total US population by 2045, marking the transition to a “majority-minority” nation where no single racial or ethnic group constitutes a majority. By 2060, non-Hispanic whites are projected to comprise only 44.3% of Americans, representing approximately 179 million people, a decline of over 20 million from 2024 peak levels.

This demographic transformation will fundamentally reshape American institutions, politics, culture, and economics in ways both predictable and surprising. Educational systems, workplaces, and communities will become increasingly multiracial, requiring adaptive strategies for cross-cultural communication and collaboration. Political coalitions will necessarily become more diverse, as parties can no longer win elections relying primarily on white voter support and must build authentic multiracial coalitions. Economic opportunity and wealth distribution will face pressure to become more equitable, as a diverse working-age population supports a predominantly white elderly population through Social Security and Medicare, potentially creating generational and racial tensions around entitlement funding. Cultural production in media, entertainment, and arts will increasingly reflect diverse creators and audiences, moving beyond the white-dominated narratives that characterized most of American history. The geographic concentration of white Americans in particular regions may increase as diversity becomes more pronounced in major metropolitan areas while some rural and exurban areas remain predominantly white, potentially reinforcing political polarization along racial and geographic lines. However, the growth of multiracial Americans who identify as both white and other races complicates simple narratives of declining white population, as millions of Americans with partial white ancestry may identify differently in different contexts, and racial boundaries become increasingly fluid rather than fixed. Understanding the percentage of Caucasian in America 2025 requires grappling with these complexities while recognizing that demographic change of this magnitude represents one of the defining transformations of 21st-century American society, with implications touching every aspect of national life.

Disclaimer: This research report is compiled from publicly available sources. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is given as to the completeness or reliability of the information. We accept no liability for any errors, omissions, losses, or damages of any kind arising from the use of this report.

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