Filipino Immigration Statistics in the US 2025 | Key Facts

Filipino Immigration to America 2025

Filipino immigration to the United States represents one of the most significant migration stories in American history, with the Philippines now serving as the fourth-largest source of immigrants to the nation. As of 2025, approximately 2.1 million Filipino immigrants reside in the United States, contributing to a total Filipino American population of 4.6 million when including U.S.-born individuals of Filipino descent. This robust community accounts for roughly 19 percent of all Asian Americans, making Filipinos the third-largest Asian origin group in the country, surpassed only by Chinese and Indian Americans. The migration journey spans more than a century, beginning when the Philippines was a U.S. territory from 1898 to 1946, a period during which Filipinos held the status of U.S. nationals and could freely migrate for labor opportunities. The watershed 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act transformed Filipino immigration patterns by eliminating discriminatory national-origin quotas, facilitating family reunification, and opening doors for highly skilled professionals, particularly in healthcare and education sectors.

The Filipino American community in 2025 demonstrates remarkable socioeconomic success compared to other immigrant groups. Filipino immigrants aged 25 and older show exceptional educational attainment, with 53 percent holding at least a bachelor’s degree—significantly higher than the 35 percent rate among all immigrants and the 36 percent rate among U.S.-born adults. The median household income for Filipino-headed households reached $106,400 in 2023, slightly exceeding the overall Asian American household median of $105,600 and substantially surpassing the national median. Furthermore, an impressive three-quarters of Filipino immigrants have become naturalized U.S. citizens, demonstrating strong civic engagement and integration into American society. Geographically, the community remains heavily concentrated in Western states, with California hosting 41 percent of all Filipino immigrants, followed by Hawaii with 6 percent and Texas, Nevada, and Illinois each containing 5 percent. The year 2023 witnessed 29,380 Filipinos obtaining green cards through family-sponsored categories and 12,710 through employer-sponsored petitions, reflecting the dual pathways that continue to drive contemporary Filipino migration to America.

Interesting Facts About Filipino Immigration to the US 2025

Data source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2023, Migration Policy Institute (September 2025), Pew Research Center (May 2025), U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2023 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security Records (2022)

The landscape of Filipino immigration to America reveals extraordinary demographic and socioeconomic patterns that distinguish this community from other immigrant groups. The 2.1 million Filipino immigrants living in the United States as of 2023 represent 4 percent of all 47.8 million U.S. immigrants, securing their position as the fourth-largest national-origin immigrant group. Educational achievement stands as a hallmark of the community, with 53 percent of Filipino immigrants aged 25 and older possessing at least a bachelor’s degree, dramatically outpacing both the U.S.-born population at 36 percent and the overall foreign-born population at 35 percent. Economic success accompanies these educational credentials, as Filipino-headed households earned a median annual income of $106,400 in 2023, positioning them above the $105,600 median for all Asian American households. The community’s commitment to American citizenship is evident through an exceptional 75 percent naturalization rate, far exceeding the rates of most other immigrant groups and reflecting both eligibility based on long-term residence and strong civic integration.

Geographic concentration and growth patterns further characterize the Filipino American experience. California remains the undisputed center of Filipino settlement, hosting 41 percent of all Filipino immigrants as of the 2019-2023 period, with Los Angeles County and San Diego County serving as major population hubs. The Hawaiian Islands claim 6 percent of the Filipino immigrant population, reflecting historical plantation labor migration patterns, while Texas, Nevada, and Illinois each account for 5 percent. Between 2000 and 2023, the Filipino population in America grew by 89 percent, expanding from 2.2 million to 4.2 million people—though this growth rate has moderated compared to earlier decades. Immigration pathways in 2023 demonstrate the continuing importance of both family ties and professional credentials, with 29,380 Filipinos receiving green cards through family sponsorship and 12,710 obtaining permanent residence through employer petitions. Language adaptation shows the community’s readiness for integration, as only 29 percent of Filipinos aged 5 and older report speaking English less than “very well,” compared to 47 percent of all immigrants—a reflection of the Philippines’ status as an English-speaking nation and American educational influence dating to the colonial period.

Total Filipino Immigrant and Filipino American Population in the US 2025

Data source: U.S. Census Bureau 2023 American Community Survey, Migration Policy Institute (September 2025), Pew Research Center Analysis 2021-2023 ACS (May 2025), Historical Census Statistics 1980-2023

The Filipino immigrant population residing in the United States reached 2.1 million people as of 2023, representing a substantial increase from 1.3 million in 2000—a 62 percent growth over two decades. This population constitutes 4 percent of the nation’s total 47.8 million immigrants, establishing Filipinos as the fourth-largest national-origin immigrant group in America, trailing only Mexicans, Indians, and Chinese immigrants. When combined with U.S.-born individuals of Filipino descent, the total Filipino American population swells to 4.6 million people, accounting for approximately 19 percent of the nation’s Asian American population and making them the third-largest Asian origin group after Chinese and Indians. The demographic composition has shifted notably over time, with immigrants now comprising 47 percent of the total Filipino American population compared to 59 percent in 2000, indicating that an increasing proportion consists of second and subsequent generations born on American soil. This generational transition reflects the maturation of a community that has deep roots stretching back more than a century.

Historical growth patterns reveal the transformative impact of immigration policy changes on the Filipino American community. The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Celler Act) eliminated discriminatory national-origin quotas that had severely restricted Asian immigration, leading to explosive growth in Filipino arrivals. Between 1980 and 1990, the Filipino immigrant population nearly doubled, representing the most dramatic expansion period in the community’s history. This surge transformed Filipino Americans from a relatively small population of 176,000 in 1960 to 775,000 by 1980, fundamentally reshaping the demographic landscape. Growth has continued but at a more moderate pace, with the Filipino immigrant population expanding by 15 percent between 2010 and 2023—somewhat slower than the 20 percent growth rate for the overall U.S. immigrant population during the same period. The U.S.-born Filipino American population now numbers approximately 2.4 million, representing 53 percent of the total community and reflecting the natural progression as earlier immigrant waves establish families and subsequent generations come of age entirely within American society.

Green Card and Permanent Residency Statistics for Filipinos in the US 2025

Data source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2023 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, Manila Times Visa Analysis (December 2025), Migration Policy Institute (September 2025), USCIS DACA Statistics (February 2025)

The pathways to permanent residency for Filipino immigrants demonstrate the continued dominance of family-based immigration, with 29,380 Filipinos receiving green cards through family-sponsored categories in 2023, far exceeding the 12,710 who obtained permanent residence through employer-sponsored petitions. This pattern reflects the 1965 Immigration Act’s emphasis on family reunification, which prioritized keeping families together over purely employment-based criteria. The combined total of 42,090 green cards issued to Filipinos in 2023 underscores the Philippines’ position as a major source country for permanent immigration. However, securing these green cards often requires extraordinary patience due to country-specific numerical limitations and overwhelming demand. Filipino applicants face some of the longest wait times in the U.S. immigration system, with siblings of U.S. citizens often waiting more than 24 years for their priority dates to become current, while married adult children of citizens face waits exceeding 22 years. These backlogs result from the per-country caps that limit the number of family-preference visas available annually to nationals of any single country, combined with the Philippines’ exceptionally high demand for these visa categories.

Beyond permanent immigration, temporary visa categories and unauthorized populations add complexity to the Filipino migration landscape. In 2023, the Department of Homeland Security admitted 405,180 Filipino nonimmigrant visa holders to the United States, with more than 65 percent holding B-1/B-2 tourist and business visitor visas. The first eight months of fiscal year 2025 (October 2024 through May 2025) saw 70,510 B-1/B-2 visas issued to Filipino applicants, followed by 48,033 C-1/D crewman and transit visas. Meanwhile, unauthorized Filipino immigration presents a significant dimension, with Department of Homeland Security records indicating 350,000 undocumented Filipino migrants residing in the United States as of 2022—representing approximately 8.5 percent of the total Filipino population in America. The Migration Policy Institute estimates a slightly lower 294,000 unauthorized Filipino immigrants as of mid-2023, accounting for 2 percent of all 13.7 million unauthorized immigrants nationwide. Additionally, as of December 2024, approximately 2,460 immigrants from the Philippines participated in the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, representing less than 1 percent of all 533,000 DACA recipients—a relatively small number reflecting the fact that most Filipino immigration occurs through legal channels rather than unauthorized entry.

Educational Attainment and Professional Occupations of Filipinos in the US 2025

Data source: Migration Policy Institute (September 2025), American Medical Association, Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS), Ameredia Filipino American Market Demographics, EBSCO Research Filipino Immigrants Analysis

The educational profile of Filipino immigrants stands as one of the most impressive among all immigrant groups in America, with 53 percent of Filipino immigrants aged 25 and older holding at least a bachelor’s degree as of 2023. This rate substantially exceeds both the 36 percent of U.S.-born adults and the 35 percent of all immigrants with comparable education credentials. Notably, Filipino immigrants demonstrate higher educational attainment than U.S.-born Filipino Americans, with 52 percent of immigrants holding bachelor’s degrees compared to 46 percent of the U.S.-born population of Filipino descent. This pattern reflects the selective nature of post-1965 immigration, which has favored skilled professionals and highly educated individuals. The transformation has been dramatic: before 1960, fewer than 2 percent of people of Filipino ancestry in the United States worked in professional occupations, compared to 6 percent of all Americans—reflecting the predominance of agricultural laborers during the pre-World War II migration waves. The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act reversed this pattern, with Filipino professionals comprising approximately 25 percent of the community by the 1980s and increasing to nearly one-third by the twenty-first century.

The healthcare sector represents the cornerstone of Filipino professional success in America, driven by both U.S. labor shortages and the legacy of American colonial influence on Philippine educational systems. Filipino nurses have become indispensable to American healthcare, with 55 percent of all foreign-trained registered nurses taking the qualifying examination administered by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS) having been educated in the Philippines as of 2005. Between 1966 and 1991, at least 35,000 Filipino nurses immigrated to the United States, and this migration has continued into the present day. Similarly, Philippine-trained physicians comprise the second-largest group of foreign-trained doctors practicing in America, with 20,861 physicians representing 8.7 percent of all international medical graduates in the United States according to American Medical Association data. The American occupation of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 established U.S. training standards and curricula in Philippine medical and nursing schools, creating a direct pipeline of healthcare professionals already familiar with American practices and standards. Beyond healthcare, Filipino American workers are distributed across diverse occupational sectors: approximately 37 percent work in technical, sales, and administrative positions, 27 percent in managerial and professional roles, and 17 percent in service industries—demonstrating both the community’s educational credentials and adaptability across the American economy.

Income and Economic Status of Filipino Americans in the US 2025

Data source: Pew Research Center (May 2025), U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS, Demographics of Filipino Americans (Wikipedia compiled data), World Bank Remittance Estimates (December 2024), Migration Policy Institute (September 2025)

The economic success of Filipino American households positions them among the most prosperous immigrant communities in the United States, with a median household income of $106,400 in 2023—slightly exceeding the $105,600 median for all Asian American households and substantially surpassing the $83,730 national median. Interestingly, households headed by Filipino immigrants achieve higher incomes than those led by U.S.-born Filipino Americans, with immigrant-headed households earning a median of $110,900 compared to $96,600 for U.S.-born headed households. This pattern likely reflects the selective nature of post-1965 immigration, which has brought highly educated professionals, particularly in healthcare fields, who command premium wages. The poverty rate among Filipino Americans stands at just 7 percent, well below the national average and correlating with the community’s impressive 3 percent unemployment rate and robust 67 percent labor force participation rate. Data shows that 62 percent of Filipino American households qualify as middle income, establishing a solid middle-class foundation, though only 21 percent achieve upper-income status—lower than the 27 percent rate for all Asian American households, suggesting some economic ceiling effects despite high educational credentials.

However, per capita income figures reveal important nuances in the Filipino American economic story. Despite impressive household income numbers, Filipino American per capita income of $47,819 falls below both the $55,561 per capita income for all Asian Americans and the $50,675 figure for non-Hispanic White Americans. This apparent paradox reflects household composition patterns: Filipino American households tend to be larger, with an average size of 2.99 people compared to 2.49 nationally, and 34 percent live in multigenerational households where multiple family members contribute earnings. The average hourly wage for Filipino American full-time workers at $29.35 falls slightly below both the U.S. average of $29.95 and the Asian American average of $30.73, indicating that high household incomes result from multiple earners rather than premium individual wages. Despite solid economic achievement within the United States, Filipino Americans maintain strong financial connections to their homeland, sending an estimated $40 billion in remittances to the Philippines via formal channels in 2024—a $5 billion increase since 2019. These remittances represent close to 9 percent of the Philippines’ gross domestic product, underscoring the profound economic impact of the diaspora on the home country and reflecting the transnational ties that continue to bind Filipino Americans to their ancestral homeland across generations.

Geographic Distribution and Settlement Patterns of Filipinos in the US 2025

Data source: Pew Research Center (May 2025), Migration Policy Institute 2019-2023 pooled ACS data (September 2025), U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2023

The geographic distribution of Filipino immigrants demonstrates extreme concentration in Western states, with California alone hosting 41 percent of the entire Filipino immigrant population—approximately 1.6 million people as of the 2019-2023 period. This overwhelming California dominance reflects historical settlement patterns dating to the early twentieth century when Filipino agricultural laborers first arrived to work in the state’s farms and orchards, establishing communities that subsequent generations expanded through family reunification. Hawaii claims 6 percent of the Filipino immigrant population with 310,000 residents, a concentration dating to plantation-era labor recruitment in the early 1900s when Filipinos worked alongside Japanese, Chinese, and other Asian laborers in Hawaii’s sugar and pineapple industries. Texas (220,000), Nevada (180,000), and Illinois (approximately 200,000) each account for 5 percent of the Filipino immigrant population, representing more recent diversification as Filipino Americans have spread beyond traditional Western settlement zones into other regions offering economic opportunities and established community support networks.

At the metropolitan level, Los Angeles remains the undisputed center of Filipino American life, with 500,000 Filipino residents making it the largest metropolitan concentration in the nation. The San Francisco Bay Area follows with 290,000 Filipinos, while the New York metropolitan region hosts 250,000, representing the largest East Coast Filipino community. At the county level, Los Angeles County and San Diego County in California contain the first and second-largest Filipino populations respectively, while Honolulu County in Hawaii ranks third, and Clark County, Nevada (encompassing the Las Vegas metropolitan area) claims fourth place. Together, these four counties account for 25 percent of all Filipino immigrants in the United States, demonstrating the continued importance of established ethnic enclaves even as the population gradually disperses. Historic Filipino neighborhoods persist in cities like Daly City (south of San Francisco), known for its extremely high Filipino concentration, and the Historic Filipinotown district in Los Angeles, though gentrification and suburbanization have transformed many of these traditional settlement areas. The West Coast concentration reflects not only historical settlement patterns but also continued chain migration, as family reunification visas bring new immigrants to join relatives already established in California, Hawaii, and other Western states.

Historical Immigration Waves and Policy Changes Affecting Filipinos in the US 2025

Data source: Migration Policy Institute (September 2025), Filipino American National Historical Society (August 2025), Demographics of Filipino Americans historical data, EBSCO Research Filipino Immigrants timeline, Stanford Medicine Immigration History

The history of Filipino immigration to what is now the United States extends back to the sixteenth century, with the earliest documented Filipino presence dating to October 1587, and the first permanent Filipino settlement established in Louisiana in 1763 by sailors and fishermen who jumped ship from Spanish Manila Galleons. However, significant Filipino migration did not commence until after the Spanish-American War of 1898, when the Philippines became a U.S. territory and Filipinos obtained status as U.S. nationals—a unique legal classification that permitted unrestricted travel to the mainland United States but denied citizenship rights. This colonial period from 1898 to 1946 saw the arrival of several distinct groups: “Pensionados” (government-sponsored students sent to American universities), “Sakadas” (plantation workers recruited to Hawaii), and most numerously, agricultural laborers who became known as the “Manong generation.” By 1920, the Filipino population in the continental United States had grown from nearly 400 to over 5,600, and by 1930 exceeded 45,000, with more than 30,000 concentrated in California where they worked in agriculture, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley, Salinas, and Sacramento regions.

The 1930s brought discriminatory restrictions as the Great Depression intensified anti-Filipino sentiment. The 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act redefined the Philippines as a Commonwealth on a path to independence, simultaneously reclassifying Filipinos as aliens subject to a restrictive annual quota of just 50 immigrants—a dramatic reversal from their previous unrestricted status. The 1935 Filipino Repatriation Act offered free one-way transportation back to the Philippines but required immigrants to agree never to return to America; this failed spectacularly, with only 2,190 out of an estimated 100,000 Filipinos accepting the offer. Following World War II and Philippine independence in 1946, the Luce-Celler Act finally permitted Filipino naturalization, while the Rescission Act of 1946 controversially denied benefits to Filipino veterans who had fought for the United States. The transformative moment arrived with the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (Hart-Celler Act), which abolished national-origin quotas and prioritized family reunification and skilled workers. This legislation triggered explosive growth: from 176,000 Filipino Americans in 1960, the population surged to 775,000 by 1980—a more than fourfold increase. The Immigration Act of 1990 provided some redress by allowing naturalization for Filipino World War II veterans. Between 2000 and 2023, the Filipino American population grew by 89 percent from 2.2 million to 4.2 million, establishing Filipinos as one of America’s largest and most successful immigrant communities.

Family Reunification and Immigration Backlogs Affecting Filipinos in the US 2025

Data source: U.S. Department of State Visa Bulletin (November 2025), Manila Times Immigration Analysis (December 2025), Purdy Immigration Lawyer Processing Times (October 2024), Travel.State.Gov Family and Employment Preference Historical Data

The family reunification system that serves as the primary pathway for Filipino immigration faces severe backlogs that separate families for decades. Under current law, immediate relatives of U.S. citizens—including spouses, parents, and unmarried children under age 21—face no numerical limitations and receive visas relatively quickly. However, all other family-based categories operate under strict annual quotas, and the Philippines faces some of the longest wait times due to overwhelming demand combined with per-country caps limiting any single nation to 7 percent of the total annual family-preference and employment-based visas. As of December 2025, the Fourth Preference (F4) category for siblings of U.S. citizens shows priority dates from December 22, 2000—meaning Filipino applicants who filed petitions over 24 years ago are only now becoming eligible for visas. The Third Preference (F3) category for married adult children of citizens remains stuck at dates from August 22, 2002, representing more than a 22-year wait. Even the Second Preference categories require extraordinary patience, with F2A (spouses and children of permanent residents) showing dates around 2014-2016 and F2B (unmarried adult children over 21 of permanent residents) dating to the early 2010s.

These extreme backlogs affect hundreds of thousands of Filipino families, creating situations where children age out of eligibility categories, marriages dissolve under the strain of prolonged separation, and petitioners themselves pass away before their relatives receive visas. The per-country limitations hit the Philippines particularly hard because Filipino immigrants demonstrate exceptionally high rates of sponsoring family members—a pattern reflecting strong cultural emphasis on extended family obligations. Mexican citizens face similarly extreme waits in sibling categories (over 20 years), but most other countries experience substantially shorter processing times. The State Department’s November 2025 Visa Bulletin shows priority dates ranging from the late 1990s to mid-2010s depending on category, with Filipino applicants consistently facing the oldest dates alongside Mexicans. Employment-based categories generally move faster than family preferences, though they too experience significant backlogs for Filipino nationals in certain professional categories. The EB-3 category for skilled workers typically requires 3-7 years depending on the applicant’s country, while EB-1 and EB-2 categories for priority workers and advanced degree holders may process more quickly. These backlogs reflect systemic issues in U.S. immigration law: annual quotas established decades ago have not kept pace with demand, and the per-country caps—originally intended to promote diversity—instead punish nationals from countries with strong historical ties to America and high propensities for family-based immigration.

Language Proficiency and Cultural Integration of Filipinos in the US 2025

Data source: Migration Policy Institute (September 2025), U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS, Pew Research Center Religious Demographics (May 2025), National Filipino American Historical Society

The linguistic integration of Filipino immigrants stands as one of the community’s most distinctive characteristics, with 71 percent of Filipinos aged 5 and older reporting they speak English “very well”—substantially higher than the 53 percent rate among all immigrants and reflecting the Philippines’ status as one of the world’s largest English-speaking nations. Only 29 percent of Filipino immigrants report limited English proficiency compared to 47 percent of the overall foreign-born population, providing significant advantages in education, employment, and civic participation. This English proficiency stems from over four decades of American colonial rule (1898-1946), during which English was established as the primary language of instruction in Philippine schools and became one of the country’s two official languages alongside Filipino (standardized Tagalog). Despite strong English skills, Filipino Americans maintain robust heritage language use, with approximately 1.6 million people speaking Tagalog at home, making it the second-most spoken Asian language in the United States after Chinese. The linguistic diversity of the Philippines—with over 170 languages spoken across the archipelago—manifests in Filipino American communities, where Ilocano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, and numerous other regional languages coexist alongside Tagalog and English in a multilingual environment.

Civic integration measures demonstrate the Filipino American community’s deep commitment to permanent settlement and American identity. The 75 percent naturalization rate among eligible Filipino immigrants far exceeds rates for most other immigrant groups, with 91 percent of the community having resided in the United States long enough to meet naturalization eligibility requirements. This high citizenship rate reflects both the community’s long average duration of residence—with many Filipino immigrants having arrived before 2000—and strong cultural emphasis on participating fully in American civic life. The 62 percent homeownership rate provides another indicator of permanent settlement and economic stability, as property ownership represents a long-term investment in American communities. Cultural patterns around family structure show the persistence of Filipino values, with 34 percent of Filipino Americans living in multigenerational households—significantly higher than the national average and reflecting cultural preferences for extended family living arrangements and elder care within family units. Religious affiliation demonstrates the lasting impact of Spanish colonialism, with approximately 65 percent of Filipino Americans identifying as Catholic, making them one of the largest Catholic immigrant groups. An additional 29 percent identify as Protestant Christians, many affiliated with evangelical denominations that have grown rapidly in the Philippines over recent decades, while smaller percentages follow other faiths or report no religious affiliation.

Filipino Immigration Compared to Other Asian Groups in the US 2025

Data source: Pew Research Center (May 2025), Migration Policy Institute (September 2025), U.S. Census Bureau 2023 ACS, Department of Homeland Security 2023 Yearbook

When compared to other Asian immigrant groups, Filipino Americans occupy a distinctive middle position across most socioeconomic indicators. With 2.1 million immigrants, Filipinos rank as the third-largest Asian immigrant group, slightly behind Chinese immigrants (also 2.1 million) and well behind Indian immigrants (2.8 million), but ahead of Vietnamese (1.4 million), Korean (1.0 million), and Japanese (355,000) populations. The Filipino median household income of $106,400 positions them above Chinese households ($102,600) and substantially above Vietnamese households ($80,700), but notably below Indian American households ($123,700)—the highest-earning immigrant group in America. Similarly, the 53 percent bachelor’s degree attainment rate among Filipino immigrants exceeds that of Vietnamese (32 percent) and Korean (51 percent) immigrants, roughly matches Chinese immigrants (54 percent), but falls well short of Indian immigrants (79 percent)—the most highly educated immigrant community. The per capita income figure of $47,819 reinforces this middle-tier positioning, trailing both Indians ($63,698) and Chinese ($53,406) but maintaining comfortable distance above groups with lower educational attainment.

Immigration pathways distinguish Filipino Americans from other Asian groups most dramatically. Approximately 70 percent of Filipino green cards come through family sponsorship, with only 30 percent through employment channels, while Indian immigrants follow the opposite pattern with approximately 60 percent obtaining green cards through employment and only 40 percent through family categories—reflecting the technology industry’s dominance in Indian immigration. Chinese immigration shows more balanced distribution between family and employment categories. The Filipino naturalization rate of 75 percent exceeds those of Chinese (55 percent) and Indian (56 percent) immigrants, though it falls slightly short of Vietnamese immigrants (78 percent), whose high citizenship rate reflects refugee status and special pathways established after the Vietnam War. English language proficiency gives Filipinos substantial advantages, with 71 percent speaking English “very well” compared to only 41 percent of Chinese and 47 percent of Vietnamese immigrants, though Indian immigrants (75 percent) demonstrate similar high proficiency due to English’s status in Indian education. The unauthorized population of 350,000 Filipinos represents 8.5 percent of the total Filipino population, a higher percentage than Indians (140,000, or 5 percent) but comparable to Chinese unauthorized immigrants (268,000, or 13 percent), reflecting varying pathways and enforcement patterns. Geographic distribution shows Filipino concentration in California (41 percent) exceeding even Vietnamese (38 percent) and far surpassing Chinese (28 percent) or Indian (20 percent) concentration levels, demonstrating the persistence of West Coast settlement patterns established during the early twentieth century agricultural labor migration.

Disclaimer: This research report is compiled from publicly available sources. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is given as to the completeness or reliability of the information. We accept no liability for any errors, omissions, losses, or damages of any kind arising from the use of this report.

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