US Population in 1940
The 1940 US population marked a significant milestone in American demographic history, representing a critical period just before the nation’s entry into World War II. Conducted by the United States Census Bureau with April 1, 1940, as the official census date, this decennial count revealed a nation of 132,164,569 residents, reflecting the country’s recovery from the Great Depression and its transformation into a modern industrial society. This census was particularly groundbreaking as it introduced new methodologies, including statistical sampling techniques that would revolutionize future demographic studies.
The 1940 census holds exceptional importance not only for its demographic insights but also for its historical context. The population data captured a snapshot of American society at a pivotal moment, documenting urban migration patterns, employment shifts, educational attainment levels, and racial demographics during a transformative era. The enumeration represented a 7.6 percent increase from the previous decade, demonstrating the nation’s resilience despite economic hardships. Today, as of October 2025, researchers, genealogists, and historians continue to analyze this valuable dataset, which was released to the public in April 2012 after the mandatory 72-year confidentiality period.
Interesting Stats & Facts about 1940 US Population
| Fact Category | Statistic/Detail | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Total Population Count | 132,164,569 | Represented a 7.6% increase from 1930 |
| Population Growth | Increased by 9,389,523 people | Slowest growth rate since the 1860s |
| Census Date | April 1, 1940 | Official enumeration date of record |
| Racial Composition | 89.8% White, 9.8% Black | Remainder classified as “other races” |
| Urban vs Rural | 56.5% Urban, 43.5% Rural | First census showing majority urban population |
| Median Age | 29.0 years | Younger population compared to today |
| Gender Distribution | 50.2% Male, 49.8% Female | Nearly balanced gender ratio |
| Foreign-Born Population | 11.6 million | Approximately 8.8% of total population |
| Labor Force | 55.6 million workers | Approximately 42% of total population |
| Most Populous State | New York – 13,479,142 | Largest state population |
| Least Populous State | Nevada – 110,247 | Smallest state population |
| Largest City | New York City – 7,454,995 | Dominant metropolitan center |
| Educational Milestone | 24.5% completed high school | Rising educational attainment |
| Median Income | $956 annually | Pre-war economic conditions |
| New Census Innovation | First use of statistical sampling | Revolutionary methodology |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 1 & 2; National Archives and Records Administration
The 1940 US population statistics reveal fascinating insights into American society during this transformative period. The census documented that 132,164,569 Americans were living across the nation, marking a critical juncture between the Great Depression and World War II. The 7.6 percent growth rate from the previous decade represented the slowest population increase since the 1860s, reflecting the economic hardships of the Depression era and reduced immigration. The demographic composition showed 89.8 percent of the population identified as White, while 9.8 percent identified as Black, with the remaining categorized under various other racial classifications according to the enumeration standards of that time.
One of the most significant findings was the urban-rural distribution, with 56.5 percent of Americans living in urban areas compared to 43.5 percent in rural communities. This marked the first census in which urban dwellers constituted the majority, symbolizing the nation’s continued industrialization and the migration from agricultural regions to manufacturing centers. The median age of 29.0 years indicated a relatively young population, while the gender distribution remained nearly balanced at 50.2 percent male and 49.8 percent female. The labor force comprised approximately 55.6 million workers, representing about 42 percent of the total population, with significant changes in occupational patterns reflecting the shift from agricultural to industrial and service-based employment. Educational attainment showed progress with 24.5 percent of adults having completed high school, a substantial improvement from previous decades.
Latest Population Statistics for the United States in 1940
| Demographic Category | 1940 Census Data | Percentage of Total |
|---|---|---|
| Total US Population | 132,164,569 | 100.0% |
| Male Population | 66,362,000 | 50.2% |
| Female Population | 65,802,569 | 49.8% |
| White Population | 118,628,000 | 89.8% |
| Black Population | 12,865,518 | 9.7% |
| Other Races | 713,051 | 0.5% |
| Urban Population | 74,705,338 | 56.5% |
| Rural Population | 57,459,231 | 43.5% |
| Native Born | 120,541,000 | 91.2% |
| Foreign Born | 11,623,569 | 8.8% |
| Age 0-19 Years | 44,600,000 | 33.7% |
| Age 20-44 Years | 51,900,000 | 39.3% |
| Age 45-64 Years | 26,500,000 | 20.1% |
| Age 65+ Years | 9,164,569 | 6.9% |
| Labor Force (Employed) | 47,520,000 | 85.5% of labor force |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volumes 1-4; National Archives Census Records
The 1940 US population data provides comprehensive insights into the demographic structure of American society during this pivotal year. The total count of 132,164,569 residents represented a diverse and evolving nation, with gender distribution showing remarkable balance between 66,362,000 males (50.2 percent) and 65,802,569 females (49.8 percent). The racial composition reflected the social categories and classification systems of that era, with 118,628,000 individuals identified as White (89.8 percent), 12,865,518 as Black (9.7 percent), and 713,051 in other racial categories (0.5 percent), including Native Americans, Asians, and Pacific Islanders.
The urban-rural divide had reached a historic tipping point, with 74,705,338 people (56.5 percent) residing in urban areas while 57,459,231 (43.5 percent) remained in rural communities. This shift represented decades of industrial growth and the opportunities that cities offered for employment and economic advancement. The nativity statistics showed that 120,541,000 Americans (91.2 percent) were native-born citizens, while 11,623,569 (8.8 percent) were foreign-born, reflecting restrictive immigration policies implemented in the 1920s. Age distribution data revealed a predominantly young population, with 44,600,000 individuals (33.7 percent) under 20 years old and 51,900,000 (39.3 percent) between ages 20-44, while only 9,164,569 (6.9 percent) were 65 or older. The labor force comprised approximately 55.6 million Americans, with 47,520,000 actively employed, representing an 85.5 percent employment rate among those in the workforce during the late Depression period.
Total Population Growth in the United States 1930-1940
| Census Year | Total Population | Increase from Previous Decade | Percentage Growth |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1930 | 122,775,046 | 17,064,426 | 16.1% |
| 1940 | 132,164,569 | 9,389,523 | 7.6% |
| Numeric Difference | +9,389,523 | -7,674,903 | -8.5 points |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 1; Decennial Census Historical Data
The population growth in the United States between 1930 and 1940 experienced a dramatic slowdown compared to previous decades, reflecting the profound impact of the Great Depression on American demographics. The nation added 9,389,523 residents during this ten-year period, representing a 7.6 percent increase from the 122,775,046 counted in 1930 to 132,164,569 in 1940. This growth rate marked the slowest expansion since the 1860s Civil War decade, demonstrating how economic hardship, reduced immigration, and delayed family formation during the Depression years significantly affected population dynamics.
The deceleration in growth becomes even more apparent when comparing the 1930-1940 period to the previous decade. Between 1920 and 1930, the United States population grew by 17,064,426 individuals, a robust 16.1 percent increase that reflected post-World War I prosperity and continued immigration. The 1930s saw growth decline by 7,674,903 fewer people and an 8.5 percentage point reduction in the growth rate. This slowdown resulted from multiple factors including historically low birth rates during economic hardship, the virtual halt of immigration due to restrictive quotas established in the 1920s and Depression-era conditions, and internal migration patterns as Americans moved in search of employment opportunities. Despite these challenges, the 1940 population of 132,164,569 positioned the United States as one of the world’s most populous nations, setting the demographic foundation for the post-war baby boom that would follow.
State Population Distribution in the United States 1940
| State | Population 1940 | Rank | Percentage of US Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| New York | 13,479,142 | 1 | 10.2% |
| Pennsylvania | 9,900,180 | 2 | 7.5% |
| Illinois | 7,897,241 | 3 | 6.0% |
| Ohio | 6,907,612 | 4 | 5.2% |
| California | 6,907,387 | 5 | 5.2% |
| Texas | 6,414,824 | 6 | 4.9% |
| Michigan | 5,256,106 | 7 | 4.0% |
| Massachusetts | 4,316,721 | 8 | 3.3% |
| New Jersey | 4,160,165 | 9 | 3.1% |
| North Carolina | 3,571,623 | 10 | 2.7% |
| Missouri | 3,784,664 | 11 | 2.9% |
| Indiana | 3,427,796 | 12 | 2.6% |
| Georgia | 3,123,723 | 13 | 2.4% |
| Wisconsin | 3,137,587 | 14 | 2.4% |
| Tennessee | 2,915,841 | 15 | 2.2% |
| Virginia | 2,677,773 | 16 | 2.0% |
| Alabama | 2,832,961 | 17 | 2.1% |
| Kentucky | 2,845,627 | 18 | 2.2% |
| Minnesota | 2,792,300 | 19 | 2.1% |
| Louisiana | 2,363,880 | 20 | 1.8% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 1: Number of Inhabitants
The state-by-state population distribution in 1940 revealed significant regional concentrations, with the northeastern industrial corridor and emerging western states dominating the demographic landscape. New York maintained its position as the most populous state with 13,479,142 residents, representing over 10.2 percent of the entire US population. The state’s dominance was driven by New York City, which alone housed 7,454,995 people, making it by far the nation’s largest metropolitan area. Pennsylvania ranked second with 9,900,180 inhabitants (7.5 percent), followed by Illinois with 7,897,241 (6.0 percent), reflecting the concentration of population in the industrial Manufacturing Belt.
The demographic distribution showed the continued importance of established eastern and midwestern states, but also highlighted the growing significance of western expansion. California, ranking fifth with 6,907,387 residents (5.2 percent), nearly matched Ohio’s fourth-place 6,907,612, signaling the beginning of the westward population shift that would accelerate dramatically after World War II. Texas, with 6,414,824 people (4.9 percent), represented the largest southern state and sixth nationally. The geographic spread demonstrated that the top ten states accounted for approximately 52 percent of the total 1940 US population of 132,164,569, while the remaining 38 states, plus territories and possessions, comprised 48 percent. This concentration reflected the industrial economy’s geographic requirements, urban job opportunities, and established immigration patterns that had brought millions to northeastern and midwestern cities over the previous century.
Urban and Rural Population Distribution in the United States 1940
| Settlement Type | Population 1940 | Percentage of Total | Change from 1930 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total US Population | 132,164,569 | 100.0% | +7.6% |
| Urban Population | 74,705,338 | 56.5% | +7.9% |
| Rural Population | 57,459,231 | 43.5% | +7.2% |
| Urban Places (2,500+) | 74,705,338 | 56.5% | – |
| Rural Farm | 30,547,000 | 23.1% | -5.1% |
| Rural Non-Farm | 26,912,231 | 20.4% | +24.3% |
| Cities 100,000+ | 32,520,000 | 24.6% | +11.4% |
| Cities 25,000-100,000 | 14,880,000 | 11.3% | +8.2% |
| Towns 2,500-25,000 | 27,305,338 | 20.7% | +4.1% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 1: Number of Inhabitants; Historical Urbanization Statistics
The urban-rural population split in 1940 represented a watershed moment in American demographic history, as the census documented that for the first time, more than half of all Americans lived in urban areas. The urban population reached 74,705,338 individuals, comprising 56.5 percent of the total 132,164,569 residents, while the rural population stood at 57,459,231, accounting for 43.5 percent. This marked the culmination of decades of urbanization driven by industrialization, technological advancement, and the transformation of American economic life from agricultural to manufacturing and service-based activities.
The 1940 census defined urban areas as incorporated places with populations of 2,500 or more, a threshold that captured small towns, mid-sized cities, and major metropolitan centers within the urban classification. The data revealed nuanced patterns within these broad categories, showing that 32,520,000 people (24.6 percent) lived in large cities with populations exceeding 100,000, representing an 11.4 percent increase from 1930. Meanwhile, the rural population itself was divided between 30,547,000 farm residents (23.1 percent) and 26,912,231 non-farm rural dwellers (20.4 percent), with the latter category experiencing remarkable 24.3 percent growth as people left farms but remained in rural areas. The urban growth rate of 7.9 percent slightly exceeded the national average, while rural areas grew at 7.2 percent, indicating the continuing but moderating trend of rural-to-urban migration. This demographic shift would have profound implications for American politics, culture, and economic development throughout the 20th century.
Racial and Ethnic Composition in the United States 1940
| Race/Ethnicity | Population Count | Percentage of Total | Geographic Concentration |
|---|---|---|---|
| White | 118,628,000 | 89.8% | Nationwide majority |
| Black/Negro | 12,865,518 | 9.7% | Primarily Southern states |
| American Indian | 333,969 | 0.25% | Western and Southwestern states |
| Chinese | 77,504 | 0.06% | West Coast concentration |
| Japanese | 126,947 | 0.10% | Hawaii and West Coast |
| Filipino | 45,563 | 0.03% | California and Hawaii |
| Hindu | 2,405 | 0.002% | Scattered locations |
| Korean | 1,711 | 0.001% | Scattered locations |
| All Other Races | 124,952 | 0.09% | Various locations |
| Mexican Origin* | 1,076,000 | 0.81% | Southwest and California |
*Note: Mexican origin individuals were counted within racial categories per 1940 methodology
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 2: Characteristics of the Population; Characteristics of the Nonwhite Population by Race
The racial and ethnic composition of the 1940 US population reflected both the nation’s diversity and the segregated social structures of the era, documented according to the classification systems and terminology of that time. The overwhelming majority, 118,628,000 individuals (89.8 percent), were classified as White, representing populations of European descent distributed across all regions. The Black population numbered 12,865,518 (9.7 percent), with approximately 77 percent residing in the South, a legacy of slavery and limited migration opportunities despite the ongoing Great Migration to northern industrial cities that had begun during World War I.
The remaining racial categories comprised less than 1 percent of the total population of 132,164,569, but represented significant cultural communities with distinct geographic patterns. American Indians numbered 333,969 (0.25 percent), with concentrations in Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, and other western states, many living on federal reservations. The Asian population included 77,504 Chinese (0.06 percent), 126,947 Japanese (0.10 percent), 45,563 Filipinos (0.03 percent), and smaller numbers of other Asian groups, predominantly residing on the West Coast and in Hawaii. The census also identified approximately 1,076,000 people of Mexican origin (0.81 percent), though they were counted within existing racial categories rather than as a separate ethnic classification, primarily concentrated in Texas, California, and southwestern states. These demographic patterns reflected immigration histories, legal restrictions including the Chinese Exclusion Act and other immigration quotas, economic opportunities, and established ethnic community networks that influenced settlement patterns across the nation.
Age Distribution in the United States 1940
| Age Group | Population Count | Percentage of Total | Male Population | Female Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 5 Years | 10,579,000 | 8.0% | 5,380,000 | 5,199,000 |
| 5-9 Years | 10,684,000 | 8.1% | 5,436,000 | 5,248,000 |
| 10-14 Years | 11,747,000 | 8.9% | 5,974,000 | 5,773,000 |
| 15-19 Years | 12,330,000 | 9.3% | 6,240,000 | 6,090,000 |
| 20-24 Years | 11,589,000 | 8.8% | 5,770,000 | 5,819,000 |
| 25-29 Years | 11,097,000 | 8.4% | 5,512,000 | 5,585,000 |
| 30-34 Years | 10,242,000 | 7.7% | 5,089,000 | 5,153,000 |
| 35-39 Years | 9,545,000 | 7.2% | 4,752,000 | 4,793,000 |
| 40-44 Years | 8,497,000 | 6.4% | 4,246,000 | 4,251,000 |
| 45-49 Years | 7,571,000 | 5.7% | 3,808,000 | 3,763,000 |
| 50-54 Years | 6,630,000 | 5.0% | 3,350,000 | 3,280,000 |
| 55-59 Years | 5,586,000 | 4.2% | 2,823,000 | 2,763,000 |
| 60-64 Years | 4,710,000 | 3.6% | 2,371,000 | 2,339,000 |
| 65-69 Years | 3,745,000 | 2.8% | 1,868,000 | 1,877,000 |
| 70-74 Years | 2,643,000 | 2.0% | 1,290,000 | 1,353,000 |
| 75+ Years | 2,970,000 | 2.2% | 1,353,000 | 1,617,000 |
| Median Age | 29.0 years | – | 28.7 years | 29.4 years |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 4: Characteristics by Age
The age distribution of the 1940 US population revealed a relatively young demographic profile, with a median age of 29.0 years significantly lower than today’s median age of approximately 38.9 years. The population pyramid showed a broad base with substantial numbers in younger age cohorts, reflecting higher birth rates in earlier decades despite the Depression’s impact. Children and adolescents under 20 years old comprised 44,340,000 individuals (33.5 percent of the total 132,164,569 population), demonstrating the significant presence of youth in American society who would later become the World War II generation and post-war workforce.
The prime working-age population between 20 and 44 years constituted 50,970,000 people (38.6 percent), representing the core labor force navigating the final years of the Depression and preparing for wartime mobilization. Adults aged 45-64 years numbered 24,497,000 (18.5 percent), while the elderly population aged 65 and over totaled only 9,358,000 (7.1 percent), reflecting lower life expectancy compared to modern standards. The age distribution showed remarkable gender balance in most age groups until the elderly categories, where women began to outnumber men due to their longer life expectancy. The 10,579,000 children under age 5 (8.0 percent) represented those born during the Depression’s depths between 1935-1940, a cohort smaller than previous generations due to economic hardship but larger than what would have been predicted given the severity of economic conditions, suggesting that even during crisis, American families maintained reproductive patterns.
Labor Force and Employment Statistics in the United States 1940
| Employment Category | Number of Workers | Percentage of Labor Force | Percentage of Total Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Labor Force | 55,640,000 | 100.0% | 42.1% |
| Employed Workers | 47,520,000 | 85.4% | 36.0% |
| Unemployed Workers | 8,120,000 | 14.6% | 6.1% |
| Male Labor Force | 42,990,000 | 77.3% | 64.8% of adult males |
| Female Labor Force | 12,650,000 | 22.7% | 19.2% of adult females |
| Agricultural Workers | 8,995,000 | 18.9% | 16.2% of employed |
| Manufacturing | 10,985,000 | 23.1% | 20.9% of employed |
| Trade/Commerce | 6,750,000 | 14.2% | 12.8% of employed |
| Services | 5,620,000 | 11.8% | 10.7% of employed |
| Transportation | 3,088,000 | 6.5% | 5.9% of employed |
| Construction | 2,165,000 | 4.6% | 4.1% of employed |
| Professional Services | 3,740,000 | 7.9% | 7.1% of employed |
| Government Workers | 3,206,000 | 6.7% | 6.1% of employed |
| Other Industries | 2,971,000 | 6.3% | 5.7% of employed |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 3: The Labor Force; Labor Force Sample Statistics
The labor force participation and employment landscape in 1940 reflected the lingering effects of the Great Depression while showing signs of economic recovery. The total labor force numbered 55,640,000 workers, representing 42.1 percent of the 132,164,569 total population. Of these, 47,520,000 were employed (85.4 percent of the labor force), while 8,120,000 remained unemployed (14.6 percent), marking a substantial improvement from the Depression’s peak unemployment of approximately 25 percent in 1933, though still indicating significant economic challenges. The gender composition showed 42,990,000 men (77.3 percent of workers) and 12,650,000 women (22.7 percent) in the labor force, with male participation rates around 64.8 percent of adult men and female rates approximately 19.2 percent of adult women, far lower than today’s participation rates.
The occupational distribution demonstrated the United States’ transition from an agricultural to industrial economy, though agriculture remained significant. Manufacturing led all sectors with 10,985,000 workers (23.1 percent of employed), concentrated in industries like steel, automobiles, textiles, and machinery production across the Manufacturing Belt states. Agricultural workers numbered 8,995,000 (18.9 percent), down from earlier decades but still representing a substantial portion of the workforce, particularly in the South and Midwest. Trade and commerce employed 6,750,000 people (14.2 percent), while services accounted for 5,620,000 (11.8 percent), professional services 3,740,000 (7.9 percent), and government workers numbered 3,206,000 (6.7 percent), the latter significantly increased due to New Deal programs. Transportation employed 3,088,000 (6.5 percent), essential for the nation’s distribution networks, while construction had 2,165,000 workers (4.6 percent), still recovering from Depression-era declines. This employment structure would transform dramatically during World War II as military production demanded unprecedented industrial mobilization.
Educational Attainment in the United States 1940
| Education Level | Population 25+ Years | Percentage | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population 25+ | 74,776,000 | 100.0% | 36,990,000 | 37,786,000 |
| No School Completed | 2,987,000 | 4.0% | 1,350,000 | 1,637,000 |
| Elementary: 1-4 Years | 7,478,000 | 10.0% | 3,699,000 | 3,779,000 |
| Elementary: 5-7 Years | 15,703,000 | 21.0% | 7,768,000 | 7,935,000 |
| Elementary: 8 Years | 16,700,000 | 22.3% | 8,247,000 | 8,453,000 |
| High School: 1-3 Years | 13,460,000 | 18.0% | 6,658,000 | 6,802,000 |
| High School: 4 Years | 10,467,000 | 14.0% | 5,144,000 | 5,323,000 |
| College: 1-3 Years | 3,963,000 | 5.3% | 2,035,000 | 1,928,000 |
| College: 4+ Years | 4,018,000 | 5.4% | 2,089,000 | 1,929,000 |
| Median Years Completed | 8.6 years | – | 8.6 years | 8.7 years |
| High School Graduates | 24.5% | – | 22.7% | 26.3% |
| College Graduates | 4.6% | – | 5.6% | 4.1% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 4: Characteristics by Age; Educational Attainment Statistics
The educational attainment levels in 1940 reflected significant progress in American education while simultaneously revealing substantial gaps compared to modern standards. Among the 74,776,000 adults aged 25 and older, only 24.5 percent had completed high school (four years), and merely 4.6 percent held college degrees (four or more years of college). The median educational attainment stood at 8.6 years, essentially an eighth-grade education, indicating that the typical American adult in 1940 had completed elementary school but not progressed through high school. This educational profile demonstrated the rapid expansion of secondary education that had occurred in the early 20th century, though universal high school attendance remained an aspirational goal rather than reality.
The breakdown by educational milestones showed that 2,987,000 adults (4.0 percent) had completed no formal schooling, while 39,881,000 (53.3 percent) had some level of elementary education but had not entered high school. Those completing exactly 8 years of elementary education numbered 16,700,000 (22.3 percent), representing the most common educational endpoint for this generation. High school students and graduates totaled 23,927,000 (32.0 percent), with 13,460,000 (18.0 percent) having attended 1-3 years and 10,467,000 (14.0 percent) completing all four years. The college-educated population remained relatively small at 7,981,000 (10.7 percent) with any college attendance, and only 4,018,000 (5.4 percent) holding bachelor’s degrees or higher. Gender differences showed women slightly outpacing men in high school completion at 26.3 percent versus 22.7 percent, but men held advantages in college graduation rates at 5.6 percent compared to women’s 4.1 percent, reflecting limited career opportunities for educated women and societal expectations that prioritized male higher education.
Household and Family Structure in the United States 1940
| Household Category | Number | Average Size | Percentage Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Households | 34,949,000 | 3.67 persons | 100.0% |
| Family Households | 31,231,000 | 3.76 persons | 89.4% |
| Non-Family Households | 3,718,000 | 1.13 persons | 10.6% |
| Married Couple Families | 26,571,000 | 3.54 persons | 76.0% |
| Male Householder, No Wife | 1,997,000 | 2.89 persons | 5.7% |
| Female Householder, No Husband | 2,663,000 | 3.21 persons | 7.6% |
| Households with Children Under 18 | 19,400,000 | 4.52 persons | 55.5% |
| One-Person Households | 3,164,000 | 1.00 person | 9.1% |
| Owner-Occupied Housing | 15,196,000 | – | 43.6% |
| Renter-Occupied Housing | 19,753,000 | – | 56.5% |
| Homes with Radio | 28,500,000 | – | 81.5% |
| Homes with Refrigerator | 15,500,000 | – | 44.4% |
| Homes with Telephone | 14,300,000 | – | 40.9% |
| Homes with Automobile | 23,500,000 | – | 67.2% |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Housing, Volume 1; 1940 Census of Population, Volume 4: Families
The household and family structure in 1940 revealed traditional family arrangements predominating across American society, with 34,949,000 total households averaging 3.67 persons per household, considerably larger than today’s average of approximately 2.5 persons. Family households comprised 31,231,000 (89.4 percent) of all households, while non-family households numbered only 3,718,000 (10.6 percent), indicating that Americans overwhelmingly lived in family units. The dominant household type consisted of married couple families, totaling 26,571,000 (76.0 percent of all households) with an average of 3.54 persons, reflecting social norms that emphasized marriage and nuclear family structures.
Single-parent households and alternative arrangements remained relatively uncommon but nonetheless significant. Female-headed households without husbands present numbered 2,663,000 (7.6 percent), often resulting from widowhood, divorce, or separation, with an average size of 3.21 persons. Male-headed households without wives totaled 1,997,000 (5.7 percent), averaging 2.89 persons. One-person households accounted for 3,164,000 (9.1 percent), a much smaller proportion than in contemporary America. Housing tenure showed that 43.6 percent of households owned their homes while 56.5 percent rented, with homeownership rates suppressed by Depression-era economic conditions. The penetration of modern amenities varied considerably: 81.5 percent of homes had radios, making broadcasting the dominant mass media; 67.2 percent owned automobiles despite economic hardships; 44.4 percent had mechanical refrigerators; and 40.9 percent had telephones, illustrating the uneven adoption of technology and the ongoing transformation of American domestic life during this transitional period.
Income and Economic Conditions in the United States 1940
| Income Category | Value/Number | Context | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median Family Income | $1,231 annually | Pre-war economy | – |
| Median Wage Income | $956 annually | For wage earners | – |
| Families Under $1,000 | 12,600,000 | 36.0% of families | Economic hardship |
| Families $1,000-$1,999 | 10,850,000 | 31.0% of families | Working class |
| Families $2,000-$2,999 | 6,950,000 | 19.9% of families | Middle class |
| Families $3,000-$4,999 | 3,470,000 | 9.9% of families | Upper middle class |
| Families $5,000+ | 1,110,000 | 3.2% of families | Affluent |
| Average Farm Income | $573 annually | Agricultural sector | Below median |
| Average Manufacturing Wage | $1,432 annually | Industrial workers | Above median |
| Professional Average Income | $2,105 annually | Doctors, lawyers, etc. | High earners |
| Home Median Value | $2,938 | Owner-occupied | – |
| Median Monthly Rent | $27 | Renter-occupied | Annual: $324 |
| Poverty Threshold (Estimate) | ~$800 annually | Family of four | ~25% below |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 3: The Labor Force; Historical Income Statistics; Bureau of Labor Statistics Historical Data
The income and economic conditions in 1940 reflected an economy still recovering from the Great Depression, with median family income standing at $1,231 annually and median wage income at $956 for individual workers. These figures must be understood in historical context: adjusted for inflation to 2025 dollars, these amounts would represent approximately $27,000 and $21,000 respectively, indicating the substantially lower purchasing power and living standards of the era. The income distribution revealed significant economic stratification, with 12,600,000 families (36.0 percent) earning less than $1,000 annually, placing them near or below subsistence levels and demonstrating the Depression’s lingering impact on American households.
The middle-income brackets showed 10,850,000 families (31.0 percent) earning between $1,000-$1,999, representing working-class households with steady employment, while 6,950,000 families (19.9 percent) earned $2,000-$2,999, comprising the emerging middle class. Only 4,580,000 families (13.1 percent) earned $3,000 or more annually, with the top 3.2 percent exceeding $5,000, marking them as affluent by 1940 standards. Occupational income disparities were substantial: agricultural workers averaged $573 annually, reflecting farming’s economic vulnerability and rural poverty; manufacturing workers earned $1,432, benefiting from industrial employment and union representation; while professionals commanded $2,105, placing them comfortably in the upper income tiers. Housing costs consumed a significant portion of income, with median home values at $2,938 (approximately 2.4 times median family income) and median monthly rent at $27 ($324 annually), representing about 26 percent of median wage income and demonstrating housing affordability challenges even during this period.
Geographic Mobility and Migration Patterns in the United States 1940
| Migration Category | Number of People | Percentage of Population | Primary Destinations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Same House as 1935 | 103,750,000 | 78.5% | No migration |
| Different House, Same County | 16,820,000 | 12.7% | Local mobility |
| Different County, Same State | 5,945,000 | 4.5% | Intrastate migration |
| Different State | 5,650,000 | 4.3% | Interstate migration |
| Migrants to Urban Areas | 3,825,000 | 67.7% of interstate | Cities |
| Migrants to Rural Areas | 1,825,000 | 32.3% of interstate | Countryside |
| Migrants from South | 2,260,000 | 40.0% of interstate | North/West movement |
| Migrants to California | 890,000 | 15.8% of interstate | Western destination |
| Migrants to New York | 456,000 | 8.1% of interstate | Urban northeast |
| Migrants to Michigan | 398,000 | 7.0% of interstate | Manufacturing |
| Dust Bowl Migration | ~300,000 | 5.3% of interstate | California primary |
| Foreign Immigration | 70,756 | 0.05% of population | Restricted entry |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Special Report: Internal Migration 1935 to 1940; Historical Migration Data
The geographic mobility and migration patterns between 1935 and 1940 revealed a nation with relatively low mobility compared to later decades, as economic hardship limited Americans’ ability to relocate. The census documented that 103,750,000 people (78.5 percent of the 132,164,569 population) remained in the same house throughout the five-year period, while 16,820,000 (12.7 percent) moved within the same county, typically for housing or local employment reasons. Only 11,595,000 Americans (8.8 percent) crossed county or state lines, with 5,650,000 (4.3 percent) undertaking interstate migration, representing the most significant geographic relocations.
The interstate migration flows demonstrated critical patterns that would shape American demographics for generations. California emerged as the leading destination, receiving approximately 890,000 migrants (15.8 percent of all interstate movers), driven by agricultural opportunities, defense industry growth, and the promise of better living conditions that attracted Dust Bowl refugees and others seeking economic revival. The Great Migration of African Americans from the South continued, with approximately 2,260,000 people (40.0 percent of interstate migrants) leaving southern states for northern and western cities offering industrial employment and escape from Jim Crow segregation. Major manufacturing states like Michigan received 398,000 migrants (7.0 percent), while New York attracted 456,000 (8.1 percent), drawn by urban employment opportunities. The infamous Dust Bowl migration, while capturing national attention through works like “The Grapes of Wrath,” comprised roughly 300,000 people (approximately 5.3 percent of interstate migrants), primarily from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Kansas to California. Meanwhile, foreign immigration remained severely restricted, with only 70,756 new immigrants (0.05 percent of the population) entering the country, reflecting the stringent quota system established in the 1920s and maintained through the Depression and early war period.
Metropolitan Areas and Major Cities in the United States 1940
| Metropolitan Area/City | Population | Rank | Growth from 1930 | Regional Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York, NY | 7,454,995 | 1 | +5.7% | Largest US city |
| Chicago, IL | 3,396,808 | 2 | +0.7% | Midwest hub |
| Philadelphia, PA | 1,931,334 | 3 | +1.0% | Manufacturing center |
| Detroit, MI | 1,623,452 | 4 | +3.5% | Automotive capital |
| Los Angeles, CA | 1,504,277 | 5 | +21.5% | Fastest growing major city |
| Cleveland, OH | 878,336 | 6 | -0.2% | Industrial center |
| Baltimore, MD | 859,100 | 7 | +6.4% | Port city |
| St. Louis, MO | 816,048 | 8 | -0.9% | Gateway city |
| Boston, MA | 770,816 | 9 | -1.3% | Historic northeast |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 671,659 | 10 | -3.3% | Steel production |
| San Francisco, CA | 634,536 | 11 | +3.9% | West Coast port |
| Milwaukee, WI | 587,472 | 12 | +2.8% | Manufacturing |
| Washington, DC | 663,091 | 13 | +36.2% | Federal expansion |
| Buffalo, NY | 575,901 | 14 | +0.4% | Industrial city |
| New Orleans, LA | 494,537 | 15 | +4.4% | Southern port |
| Minneapolis, MN | 492,370 | 16 | +2.0% | Regional center |
| Cincinnati, OH | 455,610 | 17 | -3.7% | Ohio River city |
| Newark, NJ | 429,760 | 18 | -0.5% | NYC suburb |
| Kansas City, MO | 399,746 | 19 | +3.3% | Midwest commerce |
| Houston, TX | 384,514 | 20 | +32.1% | Oil industry boom |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Population, Volume 1: Number of Inhabitants; Metropolitan District Statistics
The major metropolitan areas and cities in 1940 demonstrated the dominance of northeastern and midwestern industrial centers, though emerging western and southern cities showed dramatic growth. New York City remained the undisputed largest city with 7,454,995 residents, nearly 5.6 percent of the total US population of 132,164,569 and more than double the size of second-place Chicago’s 3,396,808 inhabitants. The top ten cities housed approximately 21,800,000 people, representing 16.5 percent of the national population and illustrating the concentration of Americans in major urban centers that served as engines of economic activity, cultural innovation, and immigrant settlement.
The growth patterns revealed significant regional shifts beginning to take shape. While established northeastern and midwestern cities showed modest or negative growth, western and southern cities experienced explosive expansion. Los Angeles demonstrated remarkable 21.5 percent growth, adding 267,000 residents to reach 1,504,277, fueled by entertainment industry development, aerospace manufacturing, and migration from the Midwest. Washington, DC posted the highest growth rate among major cities at 36.2 percent, expanding from 486,869 in 1930 to 663,091 in 1940, driven by New Deal federal government expansion that brought thousands of workers to administer Depression-era programs. Houston grew by 32.1 percent to 384,514, powered by oil industry prosperity and Gulf Coast port development. Conversely, older industrial cities faced stagnation or decline: Pittsburgh decreased by 3.3 percent, Cincinnati by 3.7 percent, and Boston by 1.3 percent, foreshadowing the deindustrialization challenges these regions would face in subsequent decades. These metropolitan population patterns in 1940 established trajectories that would define American urban geography throughout the remainder of the 20th century, with the Sun Belt’s rise and the Rust Belt’s relative decline becoming increasingly apparent.
Housing Characteristics in the United States 1940
| Housing Category | Number/Value | Percentage | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Dwelling Units | 37,325,000 | 100.0% | All structures |
| Occupied Units | 34,949,000 | 93.6% | Primary residences |
| Vacant Units | 2,376,000 | 6.4% | Unoccupied |
| Owner-Occupied | 15,196,000 | 43.6% | Homeowners |
| Renter-Occupied | 19,753,000 | 56.5% | Renters |
| Median Home Value | $2,938 | – | Owner-occupied homes |
| Median Monthly Rent | $27 | – | Renter-occupied units |
| Single-Family Detached | 22,395,000 | 64.1% | Standalone homes |
| Multi-Family Structures | 9,330,000 | 26.7% | Apartments/duplexes |
| Other Structures | 3,224,000 | 9.2% | Farms, mobile, etc. |
| Units with Electricity | 30,595,000 | 87.6% | Modern power |
| Units with Running Water | 24,712,000 | 70.7% | Indoor plumbing |
| Units with Indoor Toilet | 20,962,000 | 60.0% | Private bathroom |
| Units with Central Heat | 14,680,000 | 42.0% | Modern heating |
| Units Built Pre-1920 | 19,228,000 | 55.0% | Older housing stock |
| Units Built 1930-1940 | 2,612,000 | 7.5% | Depression-era construction |
| Overcrowded Units (1.51+ per room) | 6,270,000 | 17.9% | Housing shortage indicator |
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 1940 Census of Housing, Volumes 1-2; General Characteristics and Residential Financing
The housing characteristics in 1940 reflected both the nation’s housing stock development over previous generations and the Depression’s impact on construction and homeownership. The census enumerated 37,325,000 total dwelling units, with 34,949,000 (93.6 percent) occupied as primary residences and 2,376,000 (6.4 percent) standing vacant. The homeownership rate stood at 43.6 percent with 15,196,000 owner-occupied units, while 19,753,000 households rented (56.5 percent), a lower ownership rate than before the Depression when foreclosures and economic hardship forced many into rental housing. The median home value of $2,938 (equivalent to approximately $64,000 in 2025 dollars) represented roughly 2.4 times median annual family income, while median monthly rent of $27 ($324 annually) consumed about 26 percent of median wage income.
The housing stock and amenities revealed uneven modernization across American residences. Single-family detached homes dominated with 22,395,000 units (64.1 percent), reflecting Americans’ preference for standalone housing, while multi-family structures housed 9,330,000 units (26.7 percent), concentrated in urban areas. Modern utilities showed varying penetration: 87.6 percent had electricity, demonstrating widespread electrification through programs like the Rural Electrification Administration; however, only 70.7 percent had running water, 60.0 percent had indoor toilets, and 42.0 percent had central heating, indicating millions of Americans still lacked basic modern conveniences. The age of housing stock showed that 55.0 percent of units were built before 1920, while Depression-era construction from 1930-1940 contributed only 7.5 percent (2,612,000 units), reflecting the collapse in building activity during economic crisis. Overcrowding affected 6,270,000 units (17.9 percent), defined as more than 1.5 persons per room, indicating housing shortages particularly acute in urban areas and among lower-income families, a problem that would intensify during wartime as defense workers flooded industrial cities.
The 1940 US population data serves as an invaluable baseline for understanding America’s dramatic transformation over the past 85 years, from a nation of 132 million to today’s 340 million residents as of October 2025. The demographic patterns documented in 1940 reveal foundational trends that would accelerate after World War II, including suburbanization, western migration, educational expansion, and technological adoption. The post-war baby boom, beginning in 1946, would dramatically reshape the age structure that showed a median age of 29.0 years in 1940, while the shift from 56.5 percent urban to today’s approximately 83 percent urban population reflects the complete transformation of American settlement patterns and economic life.
Looking forward, the 1940 census statistics provide critical historical context for analyzing contemporary demographic challenges including aging populations, immigration policy debates, income inequality, housing affordability, and regional population shifts. The educational attainment levels showing only 24.5 percent high school completion contrast starkly with today’s over 90 percent rate, demonstrating the profound educational transformation that enabled America’s technological and economic advancement. As researchers continue analyzing the 1940 population records, now publicly available through the National Archives, they uncover personal stories and social patterns that illuminate how individual Americans navigated the Depression and prepared for the challenges of global war. These historical demographic insights remain essential for policymakers, urban planners, and social scientists working to address 21st-century challenges while understanding the deep historical roots of contemporary American society, making the 1940 US population data not merely a historical artifact but a living resource for understanding national development and anticipating future demographic changes in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.
Disclaimer: This research report is compiled from publicly available sources. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is given as to the completeness or reliability of the information. We accept no liability for any errors, omissions, losses, or damages of any kind arising from the use of this report.