USA Rare Earth Stock Statistics 2025 | Key Facts

Rare Earth Reserves and Production in America 2025

The United States rare earth stock statistics in 2025 reveal a nation making significant strides toward reclaiming its position as a major player in the global rare earth elements market, yet still facing substantial challenges in breaking China’s near-total dominance over critical mineral supply chains. Rare earth elements, a group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements including scandium, yttrium, and the 15 lanthanides, have become indispensable to modern technology, powering everything from smartphones and electric vehicles to wind turbines, advanced weapons systems, and medical devices. The USA rare earth production in 2025 reached a historic milestone with 45,000 metric tons of rare earth oxide equivalent extracted from the Mountain Pass mine in California, representing approximately 11.5% of global production and marking the highest domestic output in decades.

Despite this production achievement, the rare earth stock situation in America 2025 remains precarious from a strategic standpoint, with the United States maintaining 80% net import reliance for rare earth compounds and metals, down from 100% in 2020 but still dangerously high for materials classified as critical to national security and economic competitiveness. China continues to supply 77% of U.S. rare earth imports, while also processing approximately 90% of the world’s refined rare earths and manufacturing roughly 90% of permanent magnets containing these elements. The U.S. possesses substantial reserves estimated at 2.4 million metric tons of rare earth oxides at current cutoff grades, with measured and indicated resources totaling approximately 3.6 million tons, yet lacks the integrated supply chain infrastructure needed to convert these domestic mineral resources into finished products without relying on foreign processing facilities, particularly those in China.

Interesting Facts About Rare Earth Stock in USA 2025

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, National Minerals Information Center, Department of Defense Reports 2024-2025

The rare earth stock statistics for the USA in 2025 paint a picture of dramatic progress in domestic mining coupled with persistent vulnerabilities in downstream processing and manufacturing. The 45,000 metric tons of rare earth oxide equivalent produced in 2024 represents a 295% increase from the 14,000 tons mined in 2020, demonstrating the rapid resurgence of American rare earth mining after decades of dormancy. This production level, valued at approximately $260 million, establishes the United States as the world’s second-largest rare earth producer behind only China’s 270,000 metric tons (which represents 69.2% of global output), while Myanmar ranks third at 8%, and Australia, Nigeria, and Thailand each contribute approximately 3.3% of worldwide production totaling 390,000 metric tons in 2024.

However, the 80% net import reliance figure reveals the critical gap between mining and self-sufficiency, as this metric measures imports minus exports as a percentage of apparent consumption, indicating that despite robust domestic mining, the United States still depends on foreign sources for four-fifths of its usable rare earth materials. The dominance of China as the source of 77% of US imports (supplying 10.4 million kilograms in 2024) represents a slight increase from 74% in 2023 and 72% in 2022, contradicting efforts to diversify supply chains away from Chinese sources. The US refining capacity remains severely limited, with just one operational facility in Texas producing 1,300 tons of neodymium-praseodymium oxide annually as of 2024, a microscopic fraction of China’s estimated 240,000 to 300,000 tons of rare earth magnet production and overall refining capacity exceeding 270,000 tons of rare earth oxide equivalent per year.

US Rare Earth Production Statistics 2025 by Output Type

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, MP Materials Production Reports, USGS Historical Statistics 1990-2025

The production statistics for rare earths in the USA in 2025 demonstrate remarkable growth in upstream mining operations while highlighting the critical bottleneck in midstream and downstream processing capabilities. The Mountain Pass mine in California, operated by MP Materials and representing the only active rare earth mining operation in the United States, achieved the historic output of 45,000 metric tons of rare earth oxide equivalent in mineral concentrates during 2024, surpassing all previous annual production records including the mine’s original operational period in the 1960s through 1990s when it supplied most of the world’s rare earths. This output derives primarily from bastnäsite ore, a rare-earth fluorocarbonate mineral containing 8% to 12% rare earth oxides, which the facility processes through mining, crushing, milling, and flotation concentration steps to produce a mineral concentrate for further processing.

The domestic production of rare earth compounds jumped dramatically from 1,920 tons in 2023 to 7,600 tons in 2024, representing a nearly 400% year-over-year increase that reflects MP Materials’ expanding on-site separation and processing capabilities. The company’s refining facility in Fort Worth, Texas achieved record production of 1,300 tons of neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) oxide in 2024, representing the light rare earth elements most critical for permanent magnet manufacturing used in electric vehicle motors and wind turbine generators. Looking forward to 2025, MP Materials plans to commence production of 1,000 tons annually of neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets at its Fort Worth magnet manufacturing facility, which would represent the first significant American production of finished rare earth magnets in decades, though this volume pales in comparison to China’s estimated 240,000 to 300,000 tons of annual NdFeB magnet output.

US Rare Earth Reserves and Resources 2025

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, MP Materials Reserve Reports, American Rare Earths Inc. Disclosures 2024-2025

The rare earth reserves and resources in the USA in 2025 reveal substantial domestic mineral endowments that could theoretically support American rare earth needs for decades, yet these resources remain largely undeveloped due to the lengthy permitting processes, high capital requirements, environmental concerns, and fierce price competition from subsidized Chinese producers. The United States possesses total reserves estimated at 2.4 million metric tons of rare earth oxide equivalent using current economic extraction parameters, with measured and indicated resources totaling approximately 3.6 million tons when including deposits that have been geologically characterized but may require higher prices or improved extraction technologies to become economically viable. For context, China controls the world’s largest rare earth reserves at 44 million metric tons (representing nearly 49% of global reserves estimated at 90+ million tons), followed by Vietnam, Brazil, Russia, and India.

The Mountain Pass mine, located in California’s Mojave Desert approximately 53 miles southwest of Las Vegas, contains proven and probable reserves of 1.36 million tons of rare earth oxides within 18.9 million tons of ore grading an average 7.06% REO using a 3.83% cutoff grade, though the deposit contains a total 2.4 million tons of REO at a lower 2.4% cutoff grade that could support approximately 24 to 30 years of operation at 2024-2025 production rates. This 1.4-billion-year-old Precambrian carbonatite intrusion into gneiss represents the largest known single rare earth deposit in North America and one of the richest globally in terms of grade and accessibility. Perhaps most significantly for future US supply, American Rare Earths Inc. disclosed in 2024 that its deposits near Wheatland, Wyoming contain an estimated 2.34 billion metric tons of ore, potentially representing the world’s largest rare earth resource if confirmed through additional drilling and economic analysis, with an additional separate deposit in northeastern Wyoming holding approximately 1.2 million metric tons of rare earth oxides.

US Rare Earth Import Statistics 2025 by Source Country

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, U.S. Census Bureau Trade Data, The Motley Fool Rare Earths Trade Statistics 2024-2025

The import statistics for rare earths into the USA in 2025 underscore the nation’s continued heavy dependence on foreign sources, particularly China, for processed rare earth materials despite increased domestic mining activity. China supplied 77% of all US rare earth imports in 2024, representing approximately 10.4 million kilograms valued at an estimated $131 million of the total $170 million in rare earth compound and metal imports, maintaining its position as the overwhelmingly dominant supplier despite years of federal initiatives aimed at diversifying supply chains. This Chinese import share actually increased from 74% in 2023 and 72% in the 2019-2022 period, moving in the opposite direction of policy objectives and demonstrating the practical difficulty of replacing established, cost-competitive Chinese supply sources even amid escalating geopolitical tensions and trade restrictions.

Malaysia emerged as the second-largest source of US rare earth imports at 9% (approximately 1.2 million kilograms), though most Malaysian rare earth compounds originate from mineral concentrates and chemical intermediates processed from Australian-mined ores and then refined in Malaysian facilities, meaning this supply remains vulnerable to disruptions in Australian mining or Malaysian processing operations. Estonia provided approximately 6% of imports (roughly 800,000 kilograms), where rare earth oxides are recovered from tailings accumulated from decades of uranium, oil shale, and loparite mining at Sillamäe, making Estonia an important non-Chinese source currently exporting about 3,000 metric tons of rare earths annually representing approximately 2% of world production. Japan supplied 3% of US imports (around 400,000 kilograms), consisting primarily of high-purity rare earth compounds and metals refined from concentrates imported from China and Australia, while various other countries collectively provided 5% including imports from France, Austria, South Africa, and other minor sources.

US Rare Earth End-Use Applications 2025

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Texas Comptroller Economic Data, Stanford Magnets Industry Analysis 2024-2025

The end-use application distribution for rare earths in the USA in 2025 reflects both traditional industrial uses and emerging high-technology applications driving future demand growth. Catalysts represent the largest single consumption category at 35% to 40% of total US rare earth use, with applications including fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts in petroleum refineries that use lanthanum and cerium to break down heavy crude oil fractions into gasoline and other lighter products, plus automotive catalytic converters that employ cerium, lanthanum, and other rare earths to reduce harmful emissions from internal combustion engines. This dominant catalyst share reflects longstanding industrial uses that have characterized rare earth consumption for decades, consuming primarily the lighter, more abundant rare earths (lanthanum, cerium) that are relatively less expensive and easier to source.

Permanent magnets consume approximately 20% to 25% of US rare earth usage but represent the fastest-growing application segment and the most strategically critical, as neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets containing neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium enable the compact, high-efficiency electric motors in electric vehicles, the direct-drive generators in wind turbines, the voice coil motors in computer hard disk drives, and countless other applications in consumer electronics, industrial equipment, and defense systems including guidance systems for missiles and bombs. The magnet sector is projected to grow at an 8.02% compound annual growth rate through 2030 driven primarily by electric vehicle adoption and renewable energy expansion, with NdFeB magnets representing approximately 32% of total global rare earth consumption by volume in 2024. Metallurgical applications and alloys account for 10% to 15%, glass and polishing compounds represent 10% to 12%, ceramics comprise 5% to 8%, phosphors for lighting and displays make up 3% to 5%, and other applications including batteries, lasers, and specialized uses consume the remaining 5% to 7% of total US rare earth consumption.

China’s Dominance in US Rare Earth Supply Chain 2025

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Visual Capitalist Critical Minerals Analysis 2024-2025

The dominance of China in the US rare earth supply chain in 2025 represents perhaps the most significant strategic vulnerability in American critical minerals policy, with Chinese control extending across every stage of the rare earth value chain from mining through refining to finished product manufacturing. China produced 270,000 metric tons of rare earth oxides in 2024, representing 69.2% of global mine production totaling 390,000 metric tons, but this mining dominance understates China’s true market power which derives primarily from its near-monopoly on processing and manufacturing. Approximately 90% of the world’s rare earth refining capacity exists in China, where state-owned enterprises and private companies supported by government subsidies, relaxed environmental regulations, and decades of industrial development have created integrated supply chains that no other nation can currently replicate.

China also manufactures roughly 90% of rare earth permanent magnets globally, producing an estimated 240,000 to 300,000 tons of neodymium-iron-boron magnets annually compared to virtually zero US production until MP Materials’ Fort Worth facility begins operating in 2025 with a planned capacity of just 1,000 tons – less than 0.4% of China’s output. This magnet manufacturing dominance gives China effective control over supply chains for electric vehicles, wind turbines, consumer electronics, and countless other products regardless of where the underlying rare earth ores are mined, as even concentrates from American, Australian, or other non-Chinese mines typically must be shipped to China for separation, refining, alloying, and magnet production due to lack of alternative processing infrastructure. China’s refining capacity actually grew 5% in 2024, jumping from 255,000 tons in 2023 to 270,000 tons, demonstrating continued expansion even as other nations attempt to develop competing capabilities.

US Government Initiatives for Rare Earth Independence 2025

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Defense Reports, MP Materials Press Releases, CSIS Analysis 2020-2025

The US government initiatives for rare earth independence in 2025 reflect escalating federal efforts to rebuild domestic supply chain capabilities through a combination of Defense Production Act funding, strategic stockpile acquisitions, and public-private partnerships aimed at reducing dangerous dependence on Chinese sources. The Department of Defense has committed more than $450 million since 2020 through Defense Production Act Title III authorities to jump-start rare earth mining, separation, refining, and magnet manufacturing projects deemed critical to national security, with recipients including MP Materials, Lynas USA, and other companies developing various stages of the supply chain. The $9.6 million DPA grant to MP Materials in November 2020 supported the restart and expansion of operations at the Mountain Pass mine, while subsequent funding targeted downstream processing gaps.

Lynas USA, the American subsidiary of Australian rare earth producer Lynas Corporation, received $30.4 million in 2021 to construct a light rare earth element separation facility in Texas, followed by an additional $120 million DPA grant in 2022 to build a heavy rare earth processing facility, representing crucial investments in the separation and refining stages that currently constitute major supply chain bottlenecks. The fiscal year 2024 federal budget included plans to acquire 300 tons of neodymium-praseodymium oxide, 286 tons of neodymium-iron-boron magnet blocks, and 200 tons of samarium-cobalt alloy for the National Defense Stockpile, though these acquisitions face challenges sourcing sufficient domestic or allied-nation production to avoid purchasing Chinese-origin materials. In a dramatic development demonstrating continued commitment to domestic rare earth development, the Pentagon announced in July 2025 a deal to purchase $400 million in preferred stock of MP Materials, making the Department of Defense the company’s largest shareholder and providing capital for a new “10X Facility” that will substantially expand magnet manufacturing capacity, while Apple concurrently announced a $500 million investment in MP Materials as part of the technology industry’s efforts to secure supply chains for consumer electronics.

US Rare Earth Processing Capacity Challenges 2025

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Econofact Analysis, Rare Earth Exchanges Industry Reports 2024-2025

The processing capacity challenges facing the USA in 2025 represent the fundamental barrier to rare earth supply chain independence, with massive gaps existing at every stage beyond initial mining despite recent investments and capacity additions. While the United States has successfully revived rare earth mining to 45,000 tons annually, closing to within roughly 6 times China’s 270,000-ton output, the disparities in downstream processing remain orders of magnitude larger and far more difficult to address. Mineral separation capacity – the critical middle stage where mixed rare earth concentrates are separated into individual rare earth oxides – remains concentrated approximately 90% in China, with the United States possessing only limited separation capabilities at MP Materials’ California facility and the emerging Lynas USA facilities in Texas, forcing most American-mined concentrates to be exported to China or Malaysia for processing before returning as refined products.

The refining capacity gap appears most starkly in neodymium-praseodymium production, where MP Materials’ Fort Worth facility produced 1,300 tons of NdPr oxide in 2024 compared to estimated Chinese capacity exceeding 50,000 tons annually, representing roughly a 38-fold advantage that will take years or decades to close even with aggressive capacity expansion. Magnet manufacturing disparities dwarf even these processing gaps, with China’s 240,000 to 300,000 tons of annual NdFeB magnet production representing 240 to 300 times the 1,000-ton capacity planned for MP Materials’ Fort Worth magnet plant beginning operations in 2025, while heavy rare earth processing remains almost entirely absent from the United States despite the critical importance of elements like dysprosium, terbium, and yttrium for high-performance magnets and other advanced applications.

US Rare Earth Price Trends 2025

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey Price Data, Rare Earth Exchanges Market Reports, Industry Price Indices 2023-2024

The rare earth price trends in the USA during 2025 reflect a significant market correction following years of elevated prices driven by supply concerns, trade tensions, and surging demand from electric vehicle and renewable energy sectors. Neodymium oxide, the most critical element for permanent magnet manufacturing, experienced a sharp 28% price decline from approximately $78 per kilogram in 2023 to $56 per kilogram in 2024, as expanded Chinese production, slower-than-expected electric vehicle adoption in some markets, and general economic uncertainty dampened demand growth while supply continued expanding. Praseodymium oxide, which is typically co-produced with neodymium and used in similar magnet applications, followed a parallel trajectory with prices falling approximately 27.5% from around $80/kg to $58/kg over the same period.

Terbium oxide prices collapsed even more dramatically, plummeting 38% from approximately $1,300 per kilogram in 2023 to $810/kg in 2024, reflecting oversupply of this heavy rare earth element that enhances the high-temperature performance of NdFeB magnets but represents a relatively small portion of total magnet composition, making demand highly price-sensitive. Dysprosium oxide, another critical heavy rare earth used to improve magnet thermal stability, declined roughly 22% from around $450/kg to $350/kg, while the lighter, more abundant elements experienced smaller percentage declines with cerium oxide dropping about 17% from $3/kg to $2.50/kg and lanthanum oxide falling approximately 20% from $2.50/kg to $2/kg. These 2024 price declines contrast sharply with historical volatility, particularly the dramatic price spikes during the 2010-2011 crisis when China briefly restricted rare earth exports to Japan during a territorial dispute, causing some rare earth oxide prices to surge above $500 per kilogram before normalizing as alternative supplies emerged and end-users reduced consumption through product redesigns and material substitution.

Disclaimer: This research report is compiled from publicly available sources. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is given as to the completeness or reliability of the information. We accept no liability for any errors, omissions, losses, or damages of any kind arising from the use of this report.

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