Joint Disorder Statistics in US 2025 | Key Facts

Joint Disorder in America 2025

Joint disorders represent one of the most widespread and debilitating health challenges facing Americans today. These conditions, which encompass more than 100 different types of arthritis and related diseases, affect the joints, surrounding tissues, and connective structures throughout the body. From osteoarthritis—the wear-and-tear condition that develops over decades—to rheumatoid arthritis with its autoimmune origins, joint disorders touch every demographic group across the nation. The burden extends far beyond physical pain, impacting mental health, economic stability, workforce productivity, and overall quality of life for millions of individuals and their families.

The landscape of joint disorders in 2025 reveals a growing crisis that demands urgent attention from healthcare providers, policymakers, and public health officials. Current data shows that 53.2 million American adults—representing approximately 21.2% of the entire adult population—live with doctor-diagnosed arthritis. This staggering figure positions joint disorders as a leading cause of disability in the United States, surpassing many other chronic conditions in both prevalence and impact. The economic toll reaches into hundreds of billions of dollars annually when accounting for direct medical costs, lost wages, reduced productivity, and indirect expenses. As the population ages and obesity rates continue climbing, projections indicate these numbers will escalate dramatically, with an estimated 78.4 million adults expected to have arthritis by 2040.

Interesting Facts and Latest Statistics About Joint Disorder in the US 2025

Data Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2019-2022, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2020, Osteoarthritis Research Society International

The statistics presented in this table reveal the enormous scale of joint disorders affecting the American population. With more than 53 million adults currently diagnosed with arthritis, the condition has become nearly ubiquitous, touching one out of every five adults nationwide. Osteoarthritis dominates as the most common form, affecting 32.5 million individuals, while rheumatoid arthritis impacts 10.6 million people. The gender disparity is particularly notable, with projections indicating that by 2040, women will account for 60.9 million cases compared to 42.3 million among men. Age remains the strongest predictor, as demonstrated by the dramatic increase from just 3.6% prevalence in young adults aged 18-34 to an overwhelming 53.9% in those 75 years and older. The economic ramifications are staggering, with annual costs exceeding $303 billion when combining direct medical expenses and lost earnings—a figure that continues to escalate with each passing year as the population ages and treatment costs rise.

Overall Prevalence of Joint Disorders in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC National Health Interview Survey 2019-2021, CDC Preventing Chronic Disease 2025, Arthritis & Rheumatology 2016

Joint disorders have firmly established themselves as a major public health crisis in the United States, with 53.2 million adults carrying a doctor-diagnosed arthritis condition as of the most recent comprehensive data from 2019-2021. This translates to more than one in five American adults living with some form of joint disease. When age-standardized to account for demographic variations across the population, the prevalence stands at 18.7%, demonstrating that these conditions affect individuals across all age groups, though with increasing frequency in older populations. Osteoarthritis leads as the predominant form, accounting for 32.5 million cases and representing the classic “wear-and-tear” arthritis associated with aging, obesity, and joint injuries. Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune condition, affects 10.6 million Americans, comprising 15.8% of all arthritis patients. Psoriatic arthritis impacts approximately 1.0 million individuals, while a concerning 14.4 million people—representing 21.6% of those with arthritis diagnoses—do not know which specific type of arthritis they have, highlighting critical gaps in health literacy and patient education. Looking ahead, demographic trends paint an alarming picture: by 2040, the number of Americans with arthritis is projected to surge to 78.4 million, driven primarily by the aging baby boomer generation and rising obesity rates.

Age Distribution of Joint Disorders in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC National Health Interview Survey 2022, CDC Arthritis Data 2024

The relationship between age and joint disorder prevalence demonstrates a clear and dramatic progression across the lifespan. While 3.6% of young adults aged 18-34 already experience arthritis—often related to sports injuries, genetic predispositions, or early-onset inflammatory conditions—the rate more than triples to 11.2% among those aged 35-49, a critical working-age demographic. This upward trajectory accelerates sharply in the 50-64 age bracket, where 28.8% of individuals battle joint disorders just as they approach retirement. The burden intensifies further among the 65-74 year cohort, with 42.3% affected, and reaches its zenith in adults 75 and older, where more than half—53.9%—live with arthritis. Remarkably, adults aged 45 years and older account for 88.3% of all arthritis cases in the United States, totaling approximately 47.0 million people. The 50-64 age group alone contributes nearly 18.9 million cases, representing individuals in their prime earning years who face mounting challenges balancing career demands with deteriorating joint health. These statistics underscore why arthritis is projected to become an even more pressing concern as the massive baby boomer generation continues aging into their 70s and 80s over the next decade.

Gender Differences in Joint Disorder Prevalence in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC National Health Interview Survey 2022, CDC Arthritis Projections 2015-2040

Gender emerges as a significant determinant in joint disorder prevalence, with women substantially more affected than men across virtually all age groups and arthritis types. Current data reveals that 21.5% of adult women have doctor-diagnosed arthritis compared to 16.1% of men—a gap of 5.4 percentage points that translates to approximately 5.8 million more women living with these conditions. When age-standardized, women maintain a higher prevalence at 20.9% versus 16.3% for men. This gender disparity amplifies with age and becomes particularly pronounced after menopause, when declining estrogen levels appear to contribute to increased joint inflammation and cartilage breakdown. The biological differences extend beyond hormones: women naturally possess more flexible joints than men, which paradoxically increases vulnerability to certain types of arthritis. Looking toward 2040, projections indicate the gender gap will widen dramatically, with an estimated 60.9 million women versus 42.3 million men affected—a difference of 18.6 million cases. Women are also more likely to develop specific forms like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, where female-to-male ratios can reach 9:1 or even 10:1. Among osteoarthritis patients, gender patterns shift with age: below 45 years, men show higher rates (often linked to sports injuries and physically demanding occupations), while above 45 years, women predominate as hormonal changes and cumulative joint stress take their toll.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Joint Disorders in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC MMWR October 2023, CDC National Health Interview Survey 2019-2021

Racial and ethnic disparities in joint disorders reveal complex patterns influenced by genetics, socioeconomic factors, healthcare access, and environmental exposures. Non-Hispanic White adults show a prevalence of 20.1%, serving as the comparison baseline, while Non-Hispanic Black adults follow closely at 19.3%. However, these similar overall rates mask critical differences in disease severity and outcomes: Non-Hispanic Black individuals consistently report higher levels of severe joint pain, greater functional limitations, and more aggressive disease progression, particularly with rheumatoid arthritis. Hispanic/Latino populations present a lower overall prevalence at 14.7%, but research suggests this may reflect underdiagnosis and reduced healthcare access rather than genuine protection from disease. When Hispanic individuals do develop arthritis, they often experience more severe symptoms and greater work limitations compared to White patients with similar conditions. Non-Hispanic Asian adults demonstrate the lowest prevalence at 10.3%, though specific Asian subgroups show considerable variation. Most strikingly, American Indian/Alaska Native populations bear the heaviest burden, with prevalence rates reaching 24.2%—higher than any other racial or ethnic group. Veterans across all races show similarly elevated rates at 24.2%, likely reflecting the cumulative impact of military service-related injuries, physical demands, and combat trauma. These disparities stem from a complex interplay of factors including poverty rates, educational attainment, occupational exposures, access to preventive care, and neighborhood conditions affecting physical activity opportunities.

Types of Joint Disorders in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC Preventing Chronic Disease 2025, CDC Lupus Data 2021, NHANES 2017-2020, National Kidney Foundation 2024, Joint Bone Spine 2025, Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

The diversity of joint disorders in America reflects over 100 distinct conditions with varying causes, symptoms, and treatments. Osteoarthritis dominates the landscape, affecting 49.6% of all arthritis patients or approximately 33.2 million adults, making it by far the most prevalent form. This degenerative condition results from cumulative wear and tear on joints, with risk factors including age, obesity, joint injuries, and repetitive stress from certain occupations. Rheumatoid arthritis ranks second, impacting 15.8% of arthritis patients or 10.6 million Americans. Unlike osteoarthritis, this autoimmune disease involves the body’s immune system attacking its own joint tissues, causing systemic inflammation that can affect organs beyond the joints. Gout has emerged as an increasingly common condition, now affecting 3.9% of all U.S. adults or roughly 8.3 million people—a prevalence that has doubled over the past two decades due to dietary changes, rising obesity rates, and metabolic syndrome. Psoriatic arthritis affects approximately 1.0 million adults or 1.4% of arthritis patients, typically developing in individuals with the skin condition psoriasis. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) represents a rarer but severe autoimmune disease, with an estimated 204,000 cases nationwide—predominantly affecting women at a 9:1 ratio compared to men. Fibromyalgia, characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, affects roughly 5.0 million adults. Perhaps most concerning, 14.4 million individuals with arthritis—21.6% of the diagnosed population—do not know which specific type they have, indicating substantial gaps in patient education and healthcare communication.

An alarming trend has emerged regarding gout in younger populations. According to a global study published in December 2025 in the journal Joint Bone Spine, cases of gout are rising dramatically in individuals aged 15 to 39 years. Between 1990 and 2021, gout prevalence and disability years increased by 66% in this younger age group, while incidence rose by 62%. In 2021, people aged 15 to 39 accounted for nearly 14% of new gout cases globally. Men aged 35 to 39 years and people in high-income regions bear the highest burden, with high-income North America topping the list for highest rates. The study found that men lived more years with gout due to high body mass index (BMI), while women tended to develop the condition linked to kidney dysfunction. This condition occurs when urate crystals—described as sharp and needle-like—accumulate in joints due to high levels of uric acid in the blood. The body produces uric acid when breaking down purines, natural substances also found in red meat, organ meats like liver, seafood including anchovies and sardines, alcoholic drinks (especially beer), and beverages sweetened with fruit sugar. Risk factors include diets rich in high-purine foods, being overweight (which causes the body to produce more uric acid while kidneys struggle to eliminate it), untreated high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and heart and kidney diseases. The total number of gout cases is expected to continue rising through 2035 globally due to population growth, though researchers project that rates per population may decrease. Gout most often strikes the big toe with sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness, frequently occurring at night and causing the affected joint to feel hot and extremely sensitive to touch.

Economic Burden of Joint Disorders in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC Chronic Disease Facts 2025, Arthritis Care & Research 2018, Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases 2018, ACR Open Rheumatology 2024

The financial impact of joint disorders on the American healthcare system and economy reaches staggering proportions. As of the most comprehensive analysis from 2013, the total annual cost of arthritis exceeded $303.5 billion, encompassing both direct medical expenses and indirect economic losses. Direct medical costs account for approximately $140 billion annually, covering physician visits, emergency department care, hospitalizations, surgical procedures (including over 1 million hip and knee replacements each year), medications, physical therapy, and assistive devices. Osteoarthritis alone generates $65 billion in direct medical expenditures, while hospitalizations for OA consumed $18.4 billion in 2013, representing 4.3% of all U.S. hospital costs—making it the second most expensive medical condition treated in American hospitals that year. The indirect costs prove even more substantial, totaling $164 billion in lost earnings due to work disability, reduced productivity, absenteeism, and premature retirement. Adults with arthritis reported 180.9 million lost work days during 2013-2015, accounting for 34% of all reported lost work days nationwide. Individual-level costs are equally concerning: arthritis patients spend an average of $9,554 annually on all-cause medical care, while those with rheumatoid arthritis face an additional $3,383 per year in healthcare expenditures compared to individuals without the disease—with approximately 40% of these costs attributed to prescription medications, particularly expensive biologic therapies. These figures, drawn from 2013 data, have undoubtedly increased substantially by 2025 due to inflation, advancing medical technologies, expanding treatment options, and the growing number of affected individuals.

Severe Joint Pain and Disability in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC MMWR 2016, CDC Chronic Disease Indicators 2025, Osteoarthritis Action Alliance 2024

Pain and disability represent the most debilitating aspects of joint disorders, fundamentally altering the lives of millions of Americans. An estimated 15 million adults with arthritis—representing one in four arthritis patients—experience severe joint pain, defined as a rating of 7 or higher on a 0-10 scale. This excruciating pain occurs more frequently among middle-aged adults (45-64 years), women, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic populations, and individuals with concurrent health conditions including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and serious psychological distress. The functional consequences extend far beyond discomfort: 43.9% of people with arthritis—approximately 25.7 million adults—report that the condition limits their everyday activities. These limitations encompass difficulties with walking, climbing stairs, grasping objects, performing household chores, participating in recreational activities, and maintaining personal care. Among working-age adults (18-64 years), arthritis significantly affects employment status, the types of jobs individuals can perform, and the number of hours they can work, contributing to substantial economic hardship for affected families. Physical inactivity emerges as both a consequence and risk factor: state-level data shows a median of 32.8% of adults with arthritis report physical inactivity, creating a vicious cycle where reduced activity leads to muscle weakness, increased joint stress, and accelerated disease progression. The severity of joint damage often necessitates surgical intervention: over 1 million hip and knee replacement surgeries are performed annually in the United States, with 99% undertaken specifically to address pain and restore function. Among individuals with knee osteoarthritis, more than 50% will ultimately require a total knee replacement during their lifetime, underscoring the progressive nature of degenerative joint disease.

Geographic and Socioeconomic Patterns in the US 2025

Data Source: The Global Statistics 2025, CDC Preventing Chronic Disease 2025, CDC NHIS 2022

Geographic and socioeconomic factors reveal striking disparities in joint disorder prevalence across the United States. A pronounced urban-rural gradient demonstrates that adults living in large central metropolitan areas report the lowest prevalence at 16.1%, increasing progressively through large fringe metropolitan suburbs (18.2%) and medium or small metropolitan areas (20.3%), before reaching its peak in non-metropolitan rural regions at 23.5%—a remarkable 7.4 percentage point difference from urban cores. This rural health crisis reflects multiple interconnected factors: limited access to rheumatologists and orthopedic specialists (with some rural residents living over 200 miles from the nearest rheumatologist), higher rates of physically demanding occupations (agriculture, mining, manufacturing), reduced opportunities for preventive care, lower health insurance coverage rates, fewer walkable communities that support physical activity, and higher obesity prevalence. Regional variations show the Midwest leading with 20.0% prevalence, followed by the South at 19.3%, while the Northeast (18.2%) and West (18.0%) report lower rates. These regional patterns likely correlate with age demographics, climate factors affecting joint stress, occupational distributions, and lifestyle differences. Socioeconomic status profoundly impacts both disease burden and health literacy: individuals living below the federal poverty level show elevated arthritis rates, while those with less than a high school education face a 31.8% likelihood of not knowing their specific arthritis type—compared to much lower rates among college graduates. Similarly, 36.1% of uninsured individuals with arthritis don’t know their diagnosis type, highlighting how lack of healthcare access compounds disease management challenges. The intersection of poverty, limited education, rural residence, and minority racial/ethnic status creates multiplicative disadvantages, resulting in higher disease burden, more severe symptoms, and worse outcomes for the nation’s most vulnerable populations.

Healthcare Utilization for Joint Disorders in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC FastStats 2025, Arthritis & Rheumatology 2016, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2019

The healthcare system faces enormous pressure from the sheer volume of joint disorder-related medical encounters. Osteoarthritis alone generates 9.9 million office-based physician visits annually where it serves as the primary diagnosis, while arthritis of all types appears in 10.6% of all office visits nationwide—demonstrating how frequently these conditions require medical management. The chronic, progressive nature of arthritis necessitates frequent monitoring, pain control adjustments, medication management, and coordination with multiple specialists. Emergency departments also experience substantial arthritis-related utilization during acute flare-ups, sudden increases in pain severity, suspected infections in joints, or complications from medications. Surgical interventions have become commonplace: more than 1 million hip and knee replacement surgeries occur each year, with the vast majority (99%) performed specifically to address pain and restore functional capacity lost to advanced osteoarthritis. The demand for these procedures continues escalating—projections suggest 1.4 million total knee replacements will be performed annually by 2030. However, the healthcare workforce struggles to keep pace with growing need. By 2025, the demand for rheumatologists is expected to exceed supply by 2,576 adult rheumatologists and 33 pediatric rheumatologists, creating significant access barriers particularly in rural and underserved areas. The shortage of orthopedic surgeons specializing in joint replacement also looms, as current surgeons approach retirement age while the eligible patient population expands. Peak incidence of knee osteoarthritis occurs between ages 55-64, precisely when baby boomers are transitioning into Medicare eligibility, placing additional strain on the healthcare financing system. This confluence of surging patient numbers, workforce shortages, and financial pressures threatens to overwhelm capacity for providing optimal arthritis care.

Risk Factors and Prevention in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC Arthritis Risk Factors 2025, SingleCare Arthritis Statistics 2025

Understanding risk factors provides crucial opportunities for prevention and early intervention strategies. Age stands as the strongest non-modifiable predictor—arthritis prevalence increases dramatically with each decade of life, affecting just 3.6% of young adults but 53.9% of those 75 and older. Female gender constitutes another major non-modifiable risk, with women experiencing substantially higher rates across nearly all arthritis types. However, several high-impact modifiable risk factors offer clear targets for prevention efforts. Obesity emerges as the single most important changeable risk factor: nearly 23% of overweight adults and 31% of adults with obesity** report diagnosed arthritis, compared to lower rates among those maintaining healthy weights. Excess body weight places mechanical stress on weight-bearing joints (knees, hips, spine) while also contributing to systemic inflammation that accelerates joint damage. Physical inactivity creates a paradoxical situation—many people with arthritis avoid exercise due to pain, yet inactivity weakens supporting muscles, reduces joint flexibility, and ultimately worsens symptoms and progression. Evidence-based physical activity programs specifically designed for arthritis demonstrate significant benefits in reducing pain and improving function. Joint injuries from sports, accidents, or trauma substantially increase arthritis risk in affected joints, sometimes manifesting decades after the initial injury. Workplace and athletic injury prevention through proper training, protective equipment, and ergonomic practices can reduce this risk. Repetitive joint stress from certain occupations (construction, manufacturing, farming) or athletic activities contributes to cumulative damage. Smoking increases risk for several inflammatory arthritis types including rheumatoid arthritis. Family history and genetic factors play important roles, particularly for inflammatory arthritis, though genetic susceptibility typically requires environmental triggers to manifest as disease. Public health prevention strategies targeting obesity reduction through nutrition and physical activity, workplace safety improvements, sports injury prevention, and smoking cessation could substantially reduce future arthritis burden.

Management and Treatment Approaches in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC Arthritis Program 2025, CDC CDI Arthritis Indicators 2025, Chronic Disease Coalition 2025

Effective arthritis management requires a comprehensive, multifaceted approach combining medications, lifestyle modifications, education, and when necessary, surgical interventions. Since 2012, the CDC’s Arthritis Well-Being and Management Program has reached over 200,000 adults through proven interventions that improve arthritis management and quality of life. This initiative currently funds 12 states and five national organizations to expand access to evidence-based physical activity programs and self-management education courses. These community-based interventions teach individuals strategies for coping with pain, managing medications, communicating effectively with healthcare providers, and maintaining function—leading to measurable improvements in symptoms and reduced healthcare utilization. Physical activity represents a cornerstone of arthritis care: engaging in 150-300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week or 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity, combined with strength training at least 2 days weekly, significantly reduces pain and improves physical function. However, healthcare provider counseling about physical activity remains under-utilized despite evidence showing that physician recommendations dramatically increase patient participation in exercise programs. Medication management varies by arthritis type: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain relief, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for inflammatory arthritis, biologic therapies targeting specific immune pathways, and corticosteroid injections for acute flares.

Weight management proves particularly critical for knee and hip osteoarthritis, with evidence showing that each pound of weight loss removes four pounds of pressure from knee joints during walking. Physical and occupational therapy help patients learn joint protection techniques, appropriate exercises, and adaptations for daily activities. For advanced disease unresponsive to conservative measures, surgical options range from arthroscopic procedures to remove damaged tissue to total joint replacement surgery—with hip and knee replacements delivering excellent outcomes, with over 90% of patients experiencing substantial pain relief and improved function lasting 15-20 years or longer. Assistive devices like canes, braces, specialized kitchen tools, and ergonomic furniture enhance independence and reduce joint stress. Complementary approaches including acupuncture, tai chi, yoga, and cognitive behavioral therapy offer additional symptom management tools, though evidence for their effectiveness varies.

Public Health Programs and Resources in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC Arthritis Program 2025, CDC CDI 2025, Chronic Disease Coalition 2025

Public health infrastructure plays an essential role in addressing the arthritis crisis through surveillance, evidence-based intervention delivery, and health system capacity building. The CDC Arthritis Program, established to reduce the burden of arthritis nationwide, currently funds 12 state health departments and five national organizations to implement proven community-based programs. These initiatives focus on expanding access to physical activity programs and self-management education specifically designed for people with arthritis. Self-management education programs teach participants practical skills for managing symptoms, adhering to treatment plans, solving problems, making informed decisions about care, and partnering effectively with healthcare providers—interventions shown to reduce pain by 10-20% and healthcare visits by 5-15%. Physical activity programs help overcome the paradox where pain discourages movement, yet inactivity worsens outcomes. Walk with Ease, a CDC-recognized arthritis-appropriate physical activity program, delivers impressive results: participants experience an average 12% reduction in pain and 16% improvement in function after completing the six-week program.

EnhanceFitness, another evidence-based program for older adults, improves strength, balance, and physical activity levels while being safe for individuals with arthritis. Since 2012, these combined efforts have reached more than 200,000 adults nationwide. Beyond intervention delivery, the CDC supports arthritis surveillance through the Chronic Disease Indicators (CDI) system, which includes 124 indicators related to various chronic diseases including arthritis, enabling states to track prevalence, risk factors, and health outcomes consistently. This standardized data collection facilitates strategic planning, resource allocation, and program evaluation. State health departments utilize this infrastructure to identify high-burden populations, target interventions geographically, and measure progress toward arthritis-related health objectives. Professional organizations including the Arthritis Foundation, American College of Rheumatology, and Osteoarthritis Action Alliance complement government efforts by providing patient education materials, professional training, research funding, and policy advocacy.

Emerging Trends and Future Projections in the US 2025

Data Source: CDC Arthritis Projections 2015-2040, Arthritis & Rheumatology 2016

The trajectory for joint disorders in America points unmistakably toward a growing crisis over the next 15-20 years. Demographic shifts combined with lifestyle trends create a perfect storm: by 2040, an estimated 78.4 million adults will have doctor-diagnosed arthritis—a staggering 47% increase from current levels of 53.2 million. This surge stems primarily from two powerful forces: the aging of the massive baby boomer generation into their 70s and 80s (when arthritis prevalence exceeds 50%), and persistently high obesity rates that accelerate joint damage and lower the age of disease onset. Women will bear the heaviest burden, with projections indicating 60.9 million affected by 2040—nearly double the current 29.5 million—while men will reach 42.3 million cases. The healthcare system faces unprecedented strain: demand for total knee replacement surgeries is expected to grow to 1.4 million procedures annually by 2030, a 40% increase requiring substantial expansion of surgical capacity. The workforce shortage compounds these challenges—by 2025, the U.S. needs 2,576 more adult rheumatologists and 33 more pediatric rheumatologists than current training pipelines will produce, forcing patients to wait months for appointments and travel long distances to access specialized care.

Economic projections suggest arthritis costs could double from the $303.5 billion reported in 2013, potentially exceeding $600 billion annually by 2040 when accounting for inflation, expanding patient numbers, advancing (and expensive) biologic therapies, and the indirect costs of lost productivity in an aging workforce. These trends argue urgently for aggressive investment in prevention strategies targeting obesity and physical inactivity, expanded training of arthritis specialists, increased research funding for disease-modifying treatments, enhanced public health infrastructure for evidence-based program delivery, and comprehensive policy reforms to improve access and affordability of care. Without such coordinated action, the arthritis crisis threatens to overwhelm healthcare capacity and impose crushing economic burdens on families, employers, insurers, and government programs.

Disclaimer: This research report is compiled from publicly available sources. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is given as to the completeness or reliability of the information. We accept no liability for any errors, omissions, losses, or damages of any kind arising from the use of this report.

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